{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:19:07Z","timestamp":1777778347925,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Visualization"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding and consuming public budget data is a key issue, helping citizens in gaining insight into their democratic and political systems. The goal of this work is to present Waffster, a user-friendly representation supporting the understanding of such data. The proposed representation enables the browsing, searching, comparing, and presenting of the hierarchically arranged components and quantities in budgets. In this paper, we first conduct a thorough survey of online public budget visualizations. Then, in collaboration with Le Devoir, a Canadian daily newspaper, we propose a novel unit-based hierarchical design based on waffle charts. We evaluate this design using a controlled user study to compare it to a tree-map based layout, and a case study conducted with Le Devoir during the provincial election campaign in Qu\u00e9bec of 2018.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716231173730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T05:22:10Z","timestamp":1685424130000},"page":"279-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Waffster: Hierarchical waffle charts for budget visualization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"B\u00e9land","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Daudens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Le Devoir, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9502-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hurtut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14738716231173730","volume-title":"McQuail\u2019s mass communication theory","author":"McQuail D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12388"},{"key":"bibr3-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrio PJ, Goldstein DG and Hofman JM. Improving comprehension of numbers in the news. In: Proceedings CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 16) 2016, pp.2729\u20132739. San Jose, California: ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858510"},{"key":"bibr4-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7242-0_18"},{"key":"bibr5-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0399-3_7"},{"key":"bibr6-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Myles B. Le Devoir accro\u02c6\u0131t son lectorat global. Le Devoir, https:\/\/www.ledevoir.com\/culture\/medias\/518624\/le-devoir-poursuit-sur-sa-lancee (2018, accessed 12 May 2023)."},{"key":"bibr7-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.124"},{"key":"bibr8-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b17511"},{"key":"bibr9-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VISUAL.1991.175815"},{"key":"bibr10-14738716231173730","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Proc. conf. on human factors in computing systems (CHI)","author":"Wang W"},{"key":"bibr11-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2744199"},{"key":"bibr12-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871611416549"},{"key":"bibr13-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1984.10478080"},{"key":"bibr14-14738716231173730","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Proc. conf. on human factors in computing systems (CHI)","author":"Heer J"},{"key":"bibr15-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ivs.2009.4"},{"key":"bibr16-14738716231173730","author":"Henkin R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"A framework for hierarchical time-oriented data visualisation"},{"key":"bibr17-14738716231173730","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. pacific visualization symposium","author":"Javed W"},{"key":"bibr18-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Cash flow: Mayor\u2019s 2017-19 proposed policy budget, http:\/\/staging.openbudgetoakland.org\/2017-19-proposed-budget-flow.html (2017)."},{"key":"bibr19-14738716231173730","unstructured":"hackYEG budget visualization, http:\/\/adailydoseof.com\/hackyegbudget\/ (2014)."},{"key":"bibr20-14738716231173730","unstructured":"US federal budget visualization, http:\/\/www.brightpointinc.com\/2013-federal-budget\/?source=d3js (2013)."},{"key":"bibr21-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Our money -visualization of the Hungarian budget spending, http:\/\/www.ttdatavis.onthinktanks.org\/2013-14\/our-money-visualisation-of-the-hungarian-budget-spending (2011)."},{"key":"bibr22-14738716231173730","unstructured":"US budget spending, https:\/\/philogb.github.io\/budgetvis\/ (2011)."},{"key":"bibr23-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Budget of the United Kingdom, https:\/\/uk.wikibudgets.org\/w\/united-kingdom-budget-2014 (2014)."},{"key":"bibr24-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Death and taxes, 2016 federal budget, https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0177\/6150\/t\/2\/assets\/DeathAndTaxes2016-Watermark.jpg (2016)."},{"key":"bibr25-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Nashville and Davison County Metro budget, https:\/\/mshenfield.github.io\/schoolbudget.phl.io\/ (2015)."},{"key":"bibr26-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr27-14738716231173730","unstructured":"US Budget Visualization, https:\/\/www.solomonkahn.com\/us_budget\/."},{"key":"bibr28-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Usa spending, https:\/\/www.saspending.gov\/#\/explorer\/agencyu (2018)."},{"key":"bibr29-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Where are my taxes ? 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Visualisez en un coup d\u2019\u0153il le budget 2018, https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2017\/12\/21\/ou-va-l-argent-de-l-etat-visualisez-enun-coup-d-il-le-budget-2018_5233088_4355770.html."},{"key":"bibr45-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Where the budget money goes, https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/business\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11255346 (2014)."},{"key":"bibr46-14738716231173730","unstructured":"ISF, retraites, CSG\u2026 composez vous-m\u00eame le budget de l\u2019\u00c9tat, https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/les-decodeurs\/article\/2019\/02\/24\/isf-retraites-csg-composez-vous-meme-le-budget-de-l-etat_5427604_4355770.html"},{"key":"bibr47-14738716231173730","unstructured":"The billion dollar-o-gram 2013, https:\/\/www.informationisbeautiful.net\/visualizations\/the-billion-dollar-gram\/ (2014)."},{"key":"bibr48-14738716231173730","unstructured":"The FIFA budget 2015-2018. Technical report, University of Oregon, http:\/\/www.martingrandjean.ch\/ (2002)."},{"key":"bibr49-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Stadt bern nettoausgaben budget 2012, https:\/\/t.preus.se\/bernbudget2012\/ (2012)."},{"key":"bibr50-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Budget: voici comment Qu\u00e9bec d\u00e9pense vos imp\u00f4ts, https:\/\/lactualite.com\/politique\/budget-voici-comment-quebec-depense-vos-impots\/"},{"key":"bibr51-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Kanton bern produktgruppen budget 2012, https:\/\/t.preus.se\/bernbudget2012\/ (2012)."},{"key":"bibr52-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Budget 2013: the government\u2019s spending and income visualized, https:\/\/static.guim.co.uk\/sys-images\/Guardian\/Pix\/pictures\/2014\/3\/20\/1395326815809\/Budget-2013-the-governmen-010.jpg (2013)."},{"key":"bibr53-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Simulateur des finances publiques, http:\/\/www.rapportpreelectoral.gouv.qc.ca\/RPE\/2018\/simulateur\/fr\/#\/simulation\/expenditure (2018)."},{"key":"bibr54-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Budget 2012: Lakeview visualization, https:\/\/www.scoop.co.nz\/budget\/Budget2012.html (2012)."},{"key":"bibr55-14738716231173730","unstructured":"How would you balance the state budget and fund education? https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/how-would-you-balance-the-state-budget-and-fund-education\/ (2013)."},{"key":"bibr56-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Budget puzzle: You fix the budget, http:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2010\/11\/13\/weekinreview\/deficits-graphic.html (2010)."},{"key":"bibr57-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.70515"},{"key":"bibr58-14738716231173730","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1165734.1165736"},{"key":"bibr59-14738716231173730","unstructured":"Drucker S, Fernandez R. 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