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Annotations enhance comprehension, mental organization, memorability, user engagement, and interaction and are crucial for data externalization and exploration, collaborative data analysis, and narrative storytelling in visualizations. However, we have identified a general lack of understanding of how people annotate visualizations to support effective communication. In this study, we evaluate how visualization students annotate grouped bar charts when answering high-level questions about the data. The resulting annotations were qualitatively coded to generate a taxonomy of how they leverage different visual elements to communicate critical information. We found that the annotations used significantly varied by the task they were supporting and that whereas several annotation types supported many tasks, others were usable only in special cases. We also found that some tasks were so challenging that ensembles of annotations were necessary to support the tasks sufficiently. The resulting taxonomy of approaches provides a foundation for understanding the usage of annotations in broader contexts to help visualizations achieve their desired message. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716241270247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T05:01:57Z","timestamp":1725685317000},"page":"79-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring annotation taxonomy in grouped bar charts: A qualitative classroom study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5467-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Dilshadur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]},{"given":"Ghulam Jilani","family":"Quadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"}]},{"given":"Danielle Albers","family":"Szafir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14738716241270247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b17511"},{"key":"bibr2-14738716241270247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467732"},{"key":"bibr3-14738716241270247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.234"},{"key":"bibr4-14738716241270247","first-page":"2573","volume-title":"ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Bateman 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