{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:17:16Z","timestamp":1780525036084,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01IS22062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01IS22062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO999899544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO999899544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021130","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16KN086467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KN086467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Visualization"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Several text corpus visualizations utilize a map-like metaphor, where the layout reflects the semantic similarity between documents. The underlying two-dimensional scatterplots are created by combining a latent embedding with a subsequent dimensionality reduction. In this work, we analyze the impact of embedding quality on layout quality. We evaluate the accuracy of the layout, specifically the preservation of local and global structures of the text corpus in its two-dimensional representation. Additionally, we assess class separation, focusing on the effectiveness of distinguishing classes within the two-dimensional space. We introduce a benchmark\n \n \n \n B<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n \n (<\/mml:mo>\n D<\/mml:mi>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n L<\/mml:mi>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n Q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n E<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n ,<\/mml:mo>\n \n \n Q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n DR<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n consisting of a collection of text corpora\n \n \n \n D<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n , a set of layout algorithms\n \n \n \n L<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n that combine text embeddings with dimensionality reductions, quality metrics\n \n \n \n \n \n Q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n E<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n for evaluating text embeddings, and quality metrics\n \n \n \n \n \n Q<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n DR<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n for assessing accuracy and class separation. We generate a multivariate dataset by evaluating this benchmark, which we further analyze in a descriptive analysis. Our results indicate that, for Latent Semantic Indexing combined with tf-idf weighting and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding, coherence plays a substantial role in determining the accuracy of the layout. Additionally, our findings reveal that embeddings do not enhance class separation in the two-dimensional scatterplot representation. As main result, we provide more fine-grained guidelines for effectively utilizing text embeddings and dimensionality reduction techniques to generate two-dimensional scatterplot representations of text corpora reflecting semantic similarity.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716251355650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T02:05:05Z","timestamp":1755050705000},"page":"3-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating text embeddings for two-dimensional text corpora representations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5409-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Atzberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasso Plattner Institute, Digital Engineering Faculty, University of Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Barz-Cech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasso Plattner Institute, Digital Engineering Faculty, University of Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Scheibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasso Plattner Institute, Digital Engineering Faculty, University of Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"D\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasso Plattner Institute, Digital Engineering Faculty, University of Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schreck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Visual Computing, Graz University of Technology, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PACIFICVIS.2015.7156366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3223-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Information Visualization: Perception for Design","author":"Ware C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ware C. Information Visualization: Perception for Design. 4th ed. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann; 2019.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7155\/jgaa.00302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0010267601120122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0010991100003124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-25477-2_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Tech Rep","author":"van der Maaten L","year":"2009","unstructured":"van der Maaten L, Postma E, van den Herik J. Dimensionality reduction: a comparative review. Tech Rep 2009;009\u2013005. Tilburg: Tilburg University, Tilburg Centre for Creative Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2944182"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"902","article-title":"Large-scale evaluation of topic models and dimensionality reduction methods for 2D text spatialization","volume":"30","author":"Atzberger D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atzberger D, Cech T, Scheibel W, et al. Large-scale evaluation of topic models and dimensionality reduction methods for 2D text spatialization. Trans Vis Comput Graph 2023; 30(1): 902\u2013912.","journal-title":"Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0012391100003660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307654100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2016.7883507"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2895073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PacificVis.2014.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2020.3033401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2598445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-008-0118-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3665318.3677171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI \u201918)","author":"Kucher K","unstructured":"Kucher K, Martins RM, Kerren A. Analysis of VINCI 2009\u20132017 proceedings. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Visual Information Communication and Interaction (VINCI \u201918), V\u00e4xj\u00f6, Sweden, 13\u201315 Aug 2018, pp. 97\u2013101. New York: ACM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PacificVis.2019.00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2022.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis \u201905)","author":"Wilkinson L","unstructured":"Wilkinson L, Anand A, Grossman R. Graph-theoretic scagnostics. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis \u201905), Minneapolis, MN, USA, 23\u201325 Oct 2005, pp. 157\u201364. New York: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info12060239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Visualization (EuroVis \u201917)","author":"Vernier EF","unstructured":"Vernier EF, Comba JLD, Telea AC. Quantitative comparison of treemap techniques for time-dependent hierarchies. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Visualization (EuroVis \u201917), Barcelona, Spain, 2017, pp. 105\u20137. Goslar, Germany: Eurographics."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3456308"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2846735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2011.6102437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03125.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01467.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2701829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3114694"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"734","article-title":"Interactive visual cluster analysis by contrastive dimensionality reduction","volume":"29","author":"Xia J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia J, Huang L, Lin W, et al. Interactive visual cluster analysis by contrastive dimensionality reduction. Trans Vis Comput Graph 2023; 29(1): 734\u2013744.","journal-title":"Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"745","article-title":"Predicting user preferences of dimensionality reduction embedding quality","volume":"29","author":"Morariu C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morariu C, Bibal A, Cutura R, et al. Predicting user preferences of dimensionality reduction embedding quality. Trans Vis Comput Graph 2023; 29(1): 745\u2013755.","journal-title":"Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2021.3098804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VAST.2015.7347681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Proceedings of EuroVis \u2013 Posters 2019","author":"Dang T","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dang T, Nguyen HN, Pham V, et al. WordStream: Interactive visualization for topic evolution. In: Proceedings of EuroVis \u2013 Posters 2019, Porto, Portugal, 2019, pp. 103\u2013107."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-3110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236386.3241340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2824822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3223-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44565"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei DM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blei DM, Ng AY, Jordan MI. Latent Dirichlet allocation. J Mach Learn Res 2003; 3: 993\u20131022.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","first-page":"4171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT)","author":"Devlin J","unstructured":"Devlin J, Chang M-W, Lee K, et al. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT), Minneapolis, MN, 2019, pp. 4171\u20134186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","unstructured":"Grootendorst M. BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedure. arXiv preprint 2022; arXiv:2203.05794."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-33037-0_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1997.611622"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"van der Maaten L","year":"2008","unstructured":"van der Maaten L, Hinton G. Visualizing data using t-SNE. J Mach Learn Res 2008; 9(11): 2579\u2013605.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInnes L Healy J Melville J. UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv 2020;: 1\u201363.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.uwot"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","volume-title":"Proc 42nd Conf on Computer Graphics & Visual Computing, CGVC \u201924","author":"Atzberger D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atzberger D, Jobst A, Scheibel W, et al. Exploring high-dimensional data by pointwise filtering of low-dimensional embeddings. In: Proc 42nd Conf on Computer Graphics & Visual Computing, CGVC \u201924. Goslar, Germany: Eurographics, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.0111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","first-page":"557","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN)","author":"Venna J","unstructured":"Venna J, Kaski S. Visualizing gene interaction graphs with local multidimensional scaling. In: Proceedings of the European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN), Bruges, Belgium, 2006, pp. 557\u2013562."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03107.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PACIFICVIS.2016.7465244"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","volume-title":"Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conf of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Newman D","unstructured":"Newman D, Lau JH, Grieser K, et al. Automatic evaluation of topic coherence. In: Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conf of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. ACL, 2010. p. 100\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2011)","author":"Mimno D","unstructured":"Mimno D, Wallach H, Talley E, et al. Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. In: Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2011), Edinburgh, 2011, pp. 262\u201372. Stroudsburg, PA: ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS \u201913)","author":"Aletras N","unstructured":"Aletras N, Stevenson M. Evaluating topic coherence using distributional semantics. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics (IWCS \u201913), Potsdam, Germany, 19\u201322 Mar 2013, pp. 13\u201322. Stroudsburg, PA: ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16469-0_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/10968987_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9639.1981.tb00422.x"}],"container-title":["Information Visualization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14738716251355650","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14738716251355650","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14738716251355650","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:19:27Z","timestamp":1777490367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14738716251355650"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14738716251355650"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14738716251355650","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-8716","1473-8724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-8716","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-8724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}}}