{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:21:08Z","timestamp":1787242868324,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evol Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Why is disgust sensitivity associated with socially conservative political views? Is it because socially conservative ideologies mitigate the risks of infectious disease, whether by promoting out-group avoidance or by reinforcing norms that sustain antipathogenic practices? Or might it be because socially conservative ideologies promote moral standards that advance a long-term, as opposed to a short-term, sexual strategy? Recent attempts to test these two explanations have yielded differing results and conflicting interpretations. Here, we contribute to the literature by examining the relationship between disgust sensitivity and political orientation, political party affiliation, and an often overlooked outcome\u2014actual voter behavior. We focus on voter behavior and affiliation for the 2016 U.S. presidential election to determine whether pathogen or sexual disgust better predicts socially conservative ideology. Although many prominent aspects of Donald Trump\u2019s campaign\u2014particularly his anti-foreign message\u2014align with the pathogen-avoidance model of conservatism, we found that pathogen-related disgust sensitivity exerted no influence on political ideology, political party affiliation, or voter behavior, after controlling for sexual disgust sensitivity. In contrast, sexual disgust sensitivity was associated with increased odds of voting for Donald Trump versus each other major presidential candidate, as well as with increased odds of affiliating with the Republican versus the Democratic or Libertarian parties. In fact, for every unit increase in sexual disgust sensitivity, the odds of a participant voting for Trump versus Clinton increased by approximately 30%. It seems, then, that sexual disgust trumps pathogen disgust in predicting socially conservative voting behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1474704918764170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T07:16:58Z","timestamp":1529306218000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Sexual Disgust Trumps Pathogen Disgust in Predicting Voter Behavior During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Billingsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Tybur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055416000770"},{"key":"bibr2-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60382-2"},{"key":"bibr3-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr057"},{"key":"bibr4-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/420058"},{"key":"bibr5-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2072"},{"key":"bibr6-1474704918764170","unstructured":"Bruni F. (2015, 12 23). Blood, sweat, and Trump. The New York Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/12\/23\/opinion\/blood-sweat-and-trump.html?_r=0"},{"key":"bibr7-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/272191"},{"key":"bibr70-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0144"},{"key":"bibr8-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.2001.0001"},{"key":"bibr71-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168015622072"},{"key":"bibr9-1474704918764170","volume-title":"Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies","author":"Diamond J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr10-1474704918764170","volume-title":"Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo","author":"Douglas M.","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr11-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2010.00781.x"},{"key":"bibr12-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.001"},{"key":"bibr13-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430204046142"},{"key":"bibr14-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0688"},{"key":"bibr15-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11000021"},{"key":"bibr16-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0094"},{"key":"bibr17-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015141"},{"key":"bibr73-1474704918764170","unstructured":"Haidt J. (2012).\n                      The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion\n                      . New York: Vintage Books."},{"key":"bibr18-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-007-0034-z"},{"key":"bibr19-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90212-7"},{"key":"bibr20-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096512000686"},{"key":"bibr21-1474704918764170","volume-title":"Predisposed: Liberals, conservatives, and the biology of political differences","author":"Hibbing J. R.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr22-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2012.11.002"},{"key":"bibr23-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611417261"},{"key":"bibr24-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168015604648"},{"key":"bibr25-1474704918764170","unstructured":"Hurst A. (2015, 12 31). Donald Trump and the politics of disgust. New Republic. Retrieved from https:\/\/newrepublic.com\/article\/126837\/donald-trump-politics-disgust"},{"key":"bibr26-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2012.03.006"},{"key":"bibr27-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12250"},{"key":"bibr28-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930802110007"},{"key":"bibr29-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550611429024"},{"key":"bibr30-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/684611"},{"key":"bibr72-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572"},{"key":"bibr31-1474704918764170","volume-title":"White racism: A psychohistory","author":"Kovel J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr32-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0608"},{"key":"bibr33-1474704918764170","volume-title":"Disgust, morality, and the law","author":"Lieberman D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr34-1474704918764170","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"Lupton D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Critical Public Health"},{"key":"bibr35-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.08.021"},{"key":"bibr36-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.863"},{"key":"bibr37-1474704918764170","volume-title":"Mplus statistical modeling software: Release 7.0","author":"Muth\u00e9n L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr38-1474704918764170","volume-title":"An American dilemma: The Negro problem and American democracy","author":"Myrdal G.","year":"1944"},{"key":"bibr39-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2005.12.001"},{"key":"bibr40-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014823"},{"key":"bibr41-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.281"},{"key":"bibr42-1474704918764170","first-page":"1084","volume-title":"The handbook of evolutionary psychology","volume":"2","author":"Petersen M. B.","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr43-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797617728270"},{"key":"bibr44-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.4.741"},{"key":"bibr45-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-013-9165-0"},{"key":"bibr46-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1702_2","volume":"17","author":"Schaller M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"bibr47-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0029"},{"key":"bibr48-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.1.212"},{"key":"bibr49-1474704918764170","first-page":"37","volume":"8","author":"Schubert C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis across Disciplines"},{"key":"bibr50-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.06.003"},{"key":"bibr51-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025552"},{"key":"bibr52-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.003"},{"key":"bibr53-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.05.024"},{"key":"bibr54-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2008.00062.x"},{"key":"bibr55-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491000800201"},{"key":"bibr56-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(82)90358-7"},{"key":"bibr57-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607398113"},{"key":"bibr58-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.01.006"},{"key":"bibr59-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2015.06.004"},{"key":"bibr60-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.06.005"},{"key":"bibr61-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015474"},{"key":"bibr62-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030778"},{"key":"bibr63-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491000800406"},{"key":"bibr64-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.005"},{"key":"bibr65-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2017.12.003"},{"key":"bibr66-1474704918764170","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Van Valen L.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Evolutionary Theory"},{"key":"bibr67-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2008.03.004"},{"key":"bibr68-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2013.08.006"},{"key":"bibr69-1474704918764170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400851966"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1474704918764170","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1474704918764170","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1474704918764170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T21:01:35Z","timestamp":1777410095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1474704918764170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1474704918764170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1474704918764170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-7049","1474-7049"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-7049","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-7049","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"article-number":"1474704918764170"}}