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Due to the immunostimulant properties of estradiol, estradiol-dependent feminine traits are expected to be positively related to immunity. However, heightened immunity in women may increase the risk of autoimmune disease, thus the relationship between femininity and immune quality may be complex. This study aimed to assess the relationship between morphological femininity and both the occurrence and severity of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) in women of reproductive age. Moreover, 95 women with HT and 84 without HT (all between 20 and 37 years) participated in the study. Morphological femininity was assessed based on somatic measurements of sexually dimorphic traits (2D:4D ratio, WHR, breast size, facial sexual dimorphism). The occurrence and severity of HT were assessed by serum TPOAb levels. The results showed that only the 2D:4D ratio of the right hand was higher in the HT group, indicating higher femininity in these women. However, there was also a positive relationship between facial femininity and TPOAb level in women with HT, indicating a higher severity of the disease. The results suggest that prenatal and pubertal exposure to estrogens may increase the probability or severity of autoimmune diseases in adulthood, but the relationship is tentative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14747049241259187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:58:50Z","timestamp":1725670730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Autoimmune Hashimoto's Disease and Feminization Level\u2014Testing\n                    <i>the Immunocompetence Hypothesis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Malwina","family":"Go\u017adzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8081-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u017bela\u017aniewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-8128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judyta","family":"Nowak-Kornicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Paw\u0142owska-Seredy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wioleta","family":"Um\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7418-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Paw\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Biology, University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457"},{"key":"bibr2-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800.2015.1015730"},{"key":"bibr3-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.705391"},{"key":"bibr4-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020369"},{"key":"bibr5-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001990"},{"key":"bibr6-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2016.1191475"},{"key":"bibr7-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.10.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr8-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5505\/bsbd.2016.49469","volume":"5","author":"\u00c7etin R.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bal\u0131kes\u0131r Health Sciences Journal"},{"key":"bibr9-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0455"},{"key":"bibr10-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0661"},{"key":"bibr11-14747049241259187","first-page":"1","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators of Inflammation"},{"key":"bibr12-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00903-5"},{"key":"bibr13-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46424-1"},{"key":"bibr14-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.11.013"},{"key":"bibr15-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2003.08.003"},{"key":"bibr16-14747049241259187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0314-6_14"},{"key":"bibr17-14747049241259187","unstructured":"DeBruine L. 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