{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:10:56Z","timestamp":1791598256644,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001350","name":"Ministry of Health, Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MOH-000066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-000066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Singapore Study of Macro-Angiopathy and microvascular Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SMART2D) is a prospective cohort study which was started in 2011 to investigate the effect of risk factors on vascular function and diabetes-related complications in Asians. We aimed to compare the longitudinal change in risk factors by accounting for batch effect and assess the tracking stability of risk factors over time in patients recruited for SMART2D. In this study, we (1) described batch effect and its extent across a heterogenous range of longitudinal data parameters; (2) mitigated batch effect through statistical approach; and (3) assessed the tracking stability of the risk factors over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2258 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were recruited at baseline. The study adopted a three-wave longitudinal design with intervals of 3\u00a0years between consecutive waves. The changes in a few selected risk factors were assessed after calibration, assuming patients with similar demographic and anthropometry profile had similar physiology. The tracking pattern of the risk factors was determined with stability coefficients derived from generalised estimating equations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The medians of the longitudinal differences in risk factors between the waves were mostly modest at &lt;10%. Larger increases in augmentation index (AI), aortic systolic blood pressure (BP) and aortic mean BP were consistently observed after calibration. The medians of the longitudinal differences in AI, aortic systolic BP and aortic mean BP between the waves were &lt;2% before calibration, but increased slightly to &lt;5% after calibration. Most of the risk factors had moderate to high tracking stability. Muscle mass and serum creatinine were among those with relatively high tracking stability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The longitudinal differences in parameters between the waves were overall modest after calibration, suggesting that calibration may attenuate longitudinal differences inflated by non-biological factors such as systematic drift due to batch effect. Changes of the hemodynamic parameters are robust over time and not entirely attributable to age. Our study also demonstrated moderate to high tracking stability for most of the parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641231218453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T05:26:19Z","timestamp":1701926779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Longitudinal profiling and tracking stability in the Singapore study of macro-angiopathy and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetes cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Serena","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huili","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3361-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Moh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keven","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wern Ee","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziliang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tavintharan","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Fang","family":"Sum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Chi","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71908-9"},{"key":"bibr2-14791641231218453","volume-title":"IDF diabetes atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation","year":"2021","edition":"10"},{"key":"bibr3-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100275"},{"key":"bibr4-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac062"},{"key":"bibr5-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.08.022"},{"key":"bibr6-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04775-y"},{"key":"bibr7-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2825"},{"key":"bibr8-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-017-0615-2"},{"key":"bibr9-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000896"},{"key":"bibr10-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12030627"},{"key":"bibr11-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.67"},{"key":"bibr12-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009048"},{"key":"bibr13-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816121-00033"},{"key":"bibr14-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.019"},{"key":"bibr15-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0176"},{"key":"bibr16-14791641231218453","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.061"},{"key":"bibr17-14791641231218453","volume-title":"SphygmoCor. 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