{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:52:55Z","timestamp":1790247175417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]],"date-time":"2007-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1193875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chron Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In clinical practice there are two sorts of measurements, a) arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , PaCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) or arterial oxygen saturation (SaO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and b) the transfer capacity for carbon monoxide (TLCO). The former measures the output or performance of the lung as a gas exchanger, and the latter estimates the available surface area or potential for gas exchange. As gas exchange deteriorates (PaO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    falls and PaCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    rises), the body compensates by increasing ventilation and lowering PaCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Therefore, a high PaCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    represents chronic respiratory or \u201ccompensation\u201d failure, either chemo-insensitivity (\u201cwon't breathe\u201d) or neuromuscular weakness\/increased work of breathing (\u201ccannot breathe\u201d). Chronic respiratory failure may progress to acute failure in which PaCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    falls and PaCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    rises progressively, assisted ventilation is usually required. The TLCO is a laboratory test which measures the integrity of the blood-gas barrier, it is particularly useful in the assessment of emphysema, interstitial disease and pulmonary vascular disease. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2007; 4: 205\u2014214\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972307084446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,20]],"date-time":"2007-11-20T10:40:35Z","timestamp":1195555235000},"page":"205-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Review Series: Lung function made easy: Assessing gas exchange"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"J.M.B.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(85)90119-7"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09020184"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.3.7663806"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.67.1.300"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.4.289"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/1025448x.00031006"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Pulmonary pathophysiology: the essentials. Chapter 2","author":"West JB","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Respiratory physiology: the essentials. Chapters 1\u20146","author":"West JB","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.5.1179"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1980.122.5.747"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.41.12.897"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444312829"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.42.4.285"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17201680"}],"container-title":["Chronic Respiratory Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1479972307084446","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1479972307084446","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:48:57Z","timestamp":1777394937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1479972307084446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1479972307084446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1479972307084446","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-9731","1479-9731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-9731","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-9731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]}}}