{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:45:26Z","timestamp":1771274726125,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]],"date-time":"2011-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chron Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Based on the neurophysiology of dyspnoea and the distribution of cannabinoid receptors within the central nervous system, we hypothesize that the unpleasantness of breathlessness will be ameliorated in humans by cannabinoids, without respiratory depression. Five normal and four chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects entered a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study with two test days. Subjects received sublingual cannabis extract or placebo. A maximum of 10.8 mg tetrahydrocannabinol and 10 mg cannabidiol were given. Breathlessness was simulated using fixed carbon dioxide loads. Measurements taken were of breathlessness (visual analogue scale [VAS] and breathlessness descriptors), mood and activation, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension and ventilatory parameters. These were measured at baseline and 2 hours post placebo and drug administration. Normal and COPD subjects showed no differences in breathlessness VAS scores and respiratory measurements before and after placebo or drug. After drug administration, COPD subjects picked \u2018air hunger\u2019 breathlessness descriptors less frequently compared to placebo. We have shown that breathlessness descriptors may detect an amelioration of the unpleasantness of breathlessness by cannabinoids without a change in conventional breathlessness ratings (VAS). A stimulus more specific for air hunger may be needed to demonstrate directly a drug effect on breathlessness. However, this study shows that the inclusion of respiratory descriptors may contribute to the assessment of drug effects on breathlessness. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972310391283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,25]],"date-time":"2011-03-25T02:05:31Z","timestamp":1301018731000},"page":"109-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cannabinoid effects on ventilation and breathlessness: A pilot study of efficacy and safety"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Elspeth E","family":"Pickering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Thames West Region, London, UK, Imperial College Healthcare, NHS Trust, London, UK,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Semple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhummad S","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare, NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Thames West Region, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R","family":"Cummin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare, NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakeeb H","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Guz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Holdcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"9","volume":"49","author":"Mitchell-Heggs P.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.11.922"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"2117","volume":"11","author":"Banzett RB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Imaging"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.4.2005057"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1500"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200712-1821OC"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122149199"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(97)82001-3"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.5.1932"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1975175541"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197506000-00009"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197506000-00008"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.106"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428793"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462008000300015"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00432554"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Lefant C. and Khaltaev N. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI\/WHO workshop report. National Institutes of health and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Publication Number 2701, 2001: 14."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9048(02)00211-2"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(90)90065-7"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.5.1023"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"State-trait anxiety inventory for adults","author":"Speilberger CD","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Test for the state-trait anxiety inventory","author":"Speilberger CD","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"The biopsychology of mood and arousal","author":"Thayer RE","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"A544","volume":"2","author":"Hartung TK","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00683.x"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200605000-00021"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.104869"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1675OC"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.012"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.118521"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000194853"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.70.4.480"}],"container-title":["Chronic Respiratory Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1479972310391283","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1479972310391283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T18:36:36Z","timestamp":1740854196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1479972310391283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1479972310391283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1479972310391283","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-9731","1479-9731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-9731","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-9731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,24]]}}}