{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:13:50Z","timestamp":1787019230530,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Global Challenges Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Global Challenges Research Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chron Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While chronic lung disease causes substantial global morbidity and mortality, global estimates have primarily been based on broad assumptions. Specific country data from low-income countries such as Nepal are limited. This review assessed primary evidence on chronic respiratory disease burden among adults in Nepal. A systematic search was performed in June 2019 (updated May 2020) for studies through nine databases. High levels of heterogeneity deemed a narrative synthesis appropriate. Among 27 eligible studies identified, most were low-moderate quality with cross-sectional and retrospective study design. Chronic lung diseases identified were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis and restrictive lung diseases. Studies were categorised as: (i) community-based, (ii) hospital-based and (iii) comorbidity-related and disease burden. Reported disease prevalence varied widely (COPD, 1.67\u201314.3%; asthma, 4.2\u20138.9%). The prevalence of airflow obstruction was higher among rural dwellers (15.8%) and those exposed to household air pollution from domestic biomass burning as opposed to liquid petroleum gas users (Odds Ratio: 2.06). Several comorbidities, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus added to the disease burden. The review shows limited literature on lung disease burden in Nepal. Publications varied in terms of overall quality. Good quality research studies with prospective cohorts related to respiratory conditions are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1479973121994572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T05:57:19Z","timestamp":1625551039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The burden of chronic respiratory diseases in adults in Nepal: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Winifred","family":"Ekezie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham BRC Respiratory Theme, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4384-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Robert","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham BRC Respiratory Theme, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian Philip","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham BRC Respiratory Theme, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrin","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Centre for Evidence Based Healthcare, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Koju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Kurmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte Emma","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham BRC Respiratory Theme, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1479973121994572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"bibr2-1479973121994572","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"key":"bibr3-1479973121994572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201603-196CME","volume":"13","author":"Moore E","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"bibr4-1479973121994572","volume-title":"Noncommunicable diseases and air pollution","author":"Organization WH","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr5-1479973121994572","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10666-006-9071-5"},{"key":"bibr6-1479973121994572","first-page":"1504591","volume":"2018","author":"Saud B","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"bibr7-1479973121994572","volume-title":"Non communicable diseases risk factors: STEPS Survey Nepal 2013","author":"Aryal K","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-1479973121994572","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134834"},{"key":"bibr9-1479973121994572","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S154319"},{"key":"bibr10-1479973121994572","volume-title":"Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018","author":"Organization WH","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr11-1479973121994572","unstructured":"Nepal ranks second in lung ailment deaths. 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