{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T06:58:12Z","timestamp":1777532292591,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chron Respir Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Measuring respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow during exercise is pivotal for understanding the factors limiting exercise tolerance in health and disease. Traditional methods to measure muscle blood flow present limitations for exercise testing. This article reviews a method utilising near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with the light-absorbing tracer indocyanine green dye (ICG) to simultaneously assess respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow during exercise in health and disease. NIRS provides high spatiotemporal resolution and can detect chromophore concentrations. Intravenously administered ICG binds to albumin and undergoes rapid metabolism, making it suitable for repeated measurements. NIRS-ICG allows calculation of local muscle blood flow based on the rate of ICG accumulation in the muscle over time. Studies presented in this review provide evidence of the technical and clinical validity of the NIRS-ICG method in quantifying respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow. Over the past decade, use of this method during exercise has provided insights into respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow competition theory and the effect of ergogenic aids and pharmacological agents on local muscle blood flow distribution in COPD. Originally, arterial blood sampling was required via a photodensitometer, though the method has subsequently been adapted to provide a local muscle blood flow index using venous cannulation. In summary, the significance of the NIRS-ICG method is that it provides a minimally invasive tool to simultaneously assess respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow at rest and during exercise in health and disease to better appreciate the impact of ergogenic aids or pharmacological treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731241246802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T02:00:08Z","timestamp":1712628008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Respiratory and locomotor muscle blood flow measurements using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green dye in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6786-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Megaritis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Echevarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory department, The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"ICM, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Vogiatzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bibr1-14799731241246802","first-page":"760","volume":"105","author":"Zakynthinos SG","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr2-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972315626014","volume":"13","author":"Panagiotou M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2010.520229","volume":"48","author":"Lunardi AC","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr4-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00189.2018","volume":"125","author":"Sheel AW","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-1-17","volume":"110","author":"Aubier M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr6-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1868","volume":"89","author":"Boushel R","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr7-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01269.2009","volume":"108","author":"Habazettl H","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"bibr8-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13728-015-0027-8","volume":"4","author":"Wythe S","year":"2015","journal-title":"Extreme Physiol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr9-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108619","volume":"59","author":"Robertson CH","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4323","key":"bibr10-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.929199","volume":"198","author":"J\u00f6bsis FF","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr11-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.65.4.1514","volume":"65","author":"Manohar M","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr12-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C766","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.3.C766","volume":"262","author":"Chance B","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr13-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00406.2022","volume":"134","author":"Koirala B","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr14-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2001.110404.x","volume":"11","author":"Boushel R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr15-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01160.2007","volume":"104","author":"Guenette JA","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr16-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1948.153.2.309","volume":"153","author":"Hamilton WF","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr17-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-2-00305.x","volume":"524","author":"Boushel R","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr18-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00481.2012","volume":"113","author":"Louvaris Z","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. 1985)"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr19-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201002-0172OC","volume":"182","author":"Vogiatzis I","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr20-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200811-1793OC","volume":"179","author":"Chiappa GR","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr21-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1988.64.6.2449","volume":"64","author":"Hampson NB","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol 1985)"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr22-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050471","volume":"79","author":"Boushel R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr23-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00016312","volume":"41","author":"Vogiatzis I","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"16","key":"bibr24-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.210880","volume":"589","author":"Vogiatzis I","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr25-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03246-8","volume":"954","author":"Rostrup E","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr26-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.091462","volume":"567","author":"Foster GE","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr27-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.80.6.1668","volume":"80","author":"Wilson JR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr28-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B128","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.3.B128","volume":"49","author":"McCully KK","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr29-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.83.2.161","volume":"83","author":"Hanada A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr30-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1997.5164","volume":"72","author":"Kooijman HM","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr31-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2944(76)90069-7","volume":"15","author":"Muckle TJ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr32-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.4.6.689","volume":"4","author":"Sapirstein LA","year":"1956","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr33-14799731241246802","first-page":"267","volume":"72","author":"Cousins TR","year":"2004","journal-title":"AANA Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr34-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00959.2017","volume":"125","author":"Louvaris Z","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr35-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.021477","volume":"543","author":"Boushel R","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"bibr36-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.171694","volume":"587","author":"Vogiatzis I","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"bibr37-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.162768","volume":"586","author":"Vogiatzis I","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr38-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1592-z","volume":"29","author":"Wagner BP","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr39-14799731241246802","first-page":"38","volume":"75","author":"Terborg C","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr40-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31816173b4","volume":"106","author":"Meybohm P","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr41-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R18","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3980","volume":"10","author":"Bein B","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr42-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.5.1573","volume":"82","author":"Harms CA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol 1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr43-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00659.2020","volume":"130","author":"Louvaris Z","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr44-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002222","volume":"52","author":"Rodrigues A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr45-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(01)00327-9","volume":"130","author":"Dempsey JA","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr46-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.12.015","volume":"151","author":"Dempsey JA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"bibr47-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03037-2","volume":"17","author":"Megaritis D","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internal and Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr48-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1549","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00671.2010","volume":"300","author":"Vogiatzis I","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr49-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00490.2014","volume":"117","author":"Louvaris Z","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"bibr50-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.09.006","volume":"157","author":"Berton DC","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"bibr51-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2021.103678","volume":"290","author":"Ribeiro IC","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr52-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e031072","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031072","volume":"9","author":"Louvaris Z","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr53-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01641-w","volume":"38","author":"Louvaris Z","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocritical Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr54-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v15.i9.1841","volume":"15","author":"Lim ZY","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr55-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041036","volume":"14","author":"Safiejko K","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr56-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.10.045","volume":"58","author":"Breuking EA","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr57-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.3.353","volume":"119","author":"Fineman MS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr58-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00055","volume":"100","author":"Jackson TL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"bibr59-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2017.02.006","volume":"12","author":"Chu W","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology Case Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr60-14799731241246802","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130093018","volume":"114","author":"Olsen TW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"bibr61-14799731241246802","volume-title":"IC-Green (indocyanine green)","author":"Akorn, Inc. Product Information","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Chronic Respiratory Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14799731241246802","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14799731241246802","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14799731241246802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:48:00Z","timestamp":1777394880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14799731241246802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14799731241246802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14799731241246802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-9731","1479-9731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-9731","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-9731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"14799731241246802"}}