{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:01:01Z","timestamp":1792155661969,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the impact of age at diagnosis and insulin delivery modality on free-living glycemia in type 1 diabetes overall and during common periods of dysglycemia (sleep, post-prandially, exercise).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Retrospective analysis of 4 weeks\u2019 free-living data from 423 people with type 1 diabetes duration &gt;5 years within the T1DEXI Study. Participants were divided into putative age at diagnosis endotype groups: AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&lt;7<\/jats:sup>\n                      (diagnosed &lt;7 years old); AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>7\u201312<\/jats:sup>\n                      (7\u201312 years); AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>13\u201330<\/jats:sup>\n                      (13\u201330 years); and AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&gt;30<\/jats:sup>\n                      (&gt;30 years). Mixed-effects linear regression, fitted with a random effect for individuals and fixed effects for age at diagnosis groups, insulin delivery modality, and duration of diabetes, was used to analyze percentage time in different glycemic states over 24 h, during sleep\/exercise, and for the 2 h post-prandially.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants using hybrid closed-loop systems spent more time in range (TIR: 70\u2013180 mg\/dL) than those using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion alone (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) or multiple daily injections (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). TIR correlated positively with age at diagnosis and increased incrementally between diagnostic age groups overall (mean \u00b1 standard deviation, AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&lt;7<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 71.4\u2009\u00b1\u200916.0%, AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>13\u201330<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 73.0\u2009\u00b1\u200913.9%; AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&gt;30<\/jats:sup>\n                      78.3\u2009\u00b1\u200914.1%), during exercise, while sleeping and post-prandially. Linear effects modeling confirmed higher TIR in AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&gt;30<\/jats:sup>\n                      compared with AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&lt;7<\/jats:sup>\n                      overall (12.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9%\u201319.8%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0002), during exercise (13.7%, 95% CI 5.3%\u201322.0%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0002), while sleeping (11.0%, 95% CI 3.5%\u201317.0%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0043) and post-prandially (14.9%, 95% CI 5.9 to 23.9%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0001). AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>13\u201330<\/jats:sup>\n                      spent more TIR than AgeDx\n                      <jats:sup>&lt;7<\/jats:sup>\n                      during exercise (8.3%, 95% CI 1.9%\u201314.7%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0050).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In addition to insulin modality, age at type 1 diabetes diagnosis independently impacts on glycemia in adults and should be factored into personalized care planning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15209156251370942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T07:07:30Z","timestamp":1758265650000},"page":"907-918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Age at Diagnosis and Insulin Delivery Modality on Free-Living Glycemia in Type 1 Diabetes During Periods Associated with Dysglycemia: A Retrospective Analysis of the Type 1 Diabetes Exercise Initiative Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition &amp; Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK."},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala Universitet, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadine H.","family":"Scragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ollie","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition &amp; Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition &amp; 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