{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:49:11Z","timestamp":1787755751300,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011680","name":"King Fahad Medical City","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RFA 023-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFA 023-015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011680","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a mobile application for carbohydrate counting and bolus calculation (CHOC-BC) in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 12-week randomized controlled trial was conducted at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Adults with T1DM on multiple daily insulin injections and using Libre 2 glucose monitors were randomized to either CHOC-BC or conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was time in range (TIR; 70\u2013180 mg\/dL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 127 participants (70 females) were included: 64 in the intervention group and 63 in the control group with a mean age of 26.56 \u00b1 4.8 and 26.74 \u00b1 6.52 years, respectively. After 3 months, the intervention group achieved better TIR than the control group (51.20% \u00b1 11.61% vs. 46.17% \u00b1 13.02%; mean difference [MD], 5.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70\u20139.36;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.023). Application users showed a significant reduction in level 2 time above range (17.25% \u00b1 11.61% vs. 24.10% \u00b1 15.74%; MD, \u22126.85; 95% CI, \u221211.70 to \u22121.99;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006). No significant differences were observed in body weight or time below range.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CHOC-BC mobile application empowered users to achieve better glycemic control while maintaining a safe profile that avoids hypoglycemia and weight gain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15209156251376012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1758791041000},"page":"158-166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Carbohydrate Counting\/Bolus Calculator Mobile Application Improves Time in Range in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Subjects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1952-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"AlBabtain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh Second Health Cluster, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora O.","family":"AlAfif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Almehthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar A.","family":"Jammah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, King Saud University. King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq A.","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistician Specialist I, Scientific Writing and Biostatistics Department, Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarfa A.","family":"Aldahham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Nutrition Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh Second Health Cluster, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramzi A.","family":"Ajjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad H.","family":"AlZahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Ameliorating Mental Disability: Questioning Retardation","author":"Brison DW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brison DW. Definition, diagnosis, and classification. Ameliorating Mental Disability: Questioning Retardation. 2017. pp. 1\u201319."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05571-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of carbohydrate counting in the management of adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Vaz EC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vaz EC, , Porf\u00edrio GJM, , Nunes HRdC, , Nunes-Nogueira VDS. Effectiveness and safety of carbohydrate counting in the management of adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Practices, perceptions and expectations for carbohydrate counting in patients with type 1 diabetes \u2013 Results from an online survey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2017; 6:0\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781584889830"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1783"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Applied carbohydrate counting","volume":"67","author":"Gupta L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta L, , Khandelwal D, , Kalra S. Applied carbohydrate counting. 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