{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:04:12Z","timestamp":1784160252025,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital","award":["24QNPY043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24QNPY043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; Redox Signaling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) improves obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) beyond mere weight loss. We investigated whether SG enhances systemic metabolic homeostasis by suppressing the Ghrelin\u2013growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) axis, remodeling hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuronal activity, and reprogramming CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell immunometabolism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using a diet-induced T2DM mouse model undergoing SG or Sham surgery, we integrated bulk\/single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolomics to evaluate systemic neuro-immune-metabolic alterations. Functional assays validated Ghrelin\u2019s effects on CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell metabolism and differentiation, alongside assessments of hepatic\/pancreatic function and hypothalamic neuronal activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SG globally remodeled peripheral immunity, expanding Tregs while reducing pro-inflammatory Th17 cells. scRNA-seq and metabolomic profiling revealed that CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells shifted metabolically from glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation, matching increased tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Functionally, Ghrelin\u2013GHSR signaling promoted CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cell glycolysis, mitochondrial damage, and Th17 skewing; GHSR antagonism successfully reversed these detrimental effects. Systemically, SG reduced hyperglycemia and hepatic lipidosis, restored islet \u03b1\/\u03b2-cell balance, activated anorexigenic POMC neurons, and suppressed AgRP neurons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SG alleviates T2DM through coordinated suppression of the Ghrelin\u2013GHSR axis, bridging central appetite regulation with peripheral immunometabolic reprogramming. By shifting CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells toward oxidative metabolism and restoring the Treg\/Th17 balance, SG drives systemic metabolic recovery, providing critical molecular insights into the neuro-immune mechanisms of metabolic surgery.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                      45, 338\u2013358.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15230864261455465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:25:53Z","timestamp":1780982753000},"page":"338-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleeve Gastrectomy Is Associated with Improved Systemic Redox Homeostasis in T2DM Through Ghrelin\u2013GHSR Attenuation, POMC Neuronal Modulation, and CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T Cell Metabolic Reprogramming"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7842-8070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-0999-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.932761"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-024-07617-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00987-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00146-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221121635"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1307-8_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1488"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i5.494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S275898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-5727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70834"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants &amp; 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