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These viruses establish lifelong infections through latency and may reactivate at different frequencies, with or without clinical symptoms. To counteract microbial infections, host cells have evolved molecular mechanisms that interfere with viral replication, including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Recent Advances:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ROS and RNS are not merely antimicrobial products but also regulators of pathogen gene expression, immune modulation, and cell fate decisions, with excessive production leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage, among other effects. Notably, many viruses, including herpesviruses, modulate ROS and RNS production in infected cells to promote viral replication and evade the host immune response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Critical Issues:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, we examine the complex interplay between ROS, RNS, and herpesvirus infections. The available literature suggests (i) that herpesviruses from all three subfamilies exploit ROS and RNS as molecular switches for viral replication and immune evasion, (ii) that the specific ROS and RNS species and pathways hijacked by these viruses differ by subfamily, creating distinct and targetable redox vulnerabilities, and (iii) that antioxidant interventions selectively restoring physiological redox balances could represent efficacious antiviral strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Future Directions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Highlighting emerging therapeutic strategies that modulate redox balance to control viral replication and disease progression, this review underscores the need for mechanistic and controlled clinical studies to validate virus subfamily-tailored, redox-based antiviral approaches.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Antioxid. Redox Signal.<\/jats:italic>\n                      45, 636\u2013675.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15230864261470376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:18:55Z","timestamp":1784773135000},"page":"636-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reactive Oxygen and Reactive Nitrogen Species in Herpesvirus Infections: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Reyes-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areli 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Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayesi","family":"L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjam\u00edn","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Resiliencia a Pandemias, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago, Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."},{"name":"Departamento de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1828-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa 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