{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T06:19:23Z","timestamp":1792995563655,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review provides an overview of current knowledge and understanding of the process of sexual grooming and exploitation of children via the Internet. Specifically, the prevalence of online sexual grooming and exploitation is explored as well as associated challenges relating to the identification of its occurrence. This is complemented by a detailed outline and discussion of the process, both online and in the physical world, and legal responses to this phenomenon. A number of factors are examined to provide an explanation of the facilitating and contributing role they may play in offense processes online. Finally, current typologies are discussed in relation to characteristics of Internet offenders in general and \u201cgroomers\u201d\/chat room offenders specifically. This review concludes by offering suggestions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013511543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T03:58:22Z","timestamp":1394164702000},"page":"126-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Online Child Sexual Exploitation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juliane A.","family":"Kloess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Beech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh","family":"Harkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505276091"},{"key":"bibr2-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210370708"},{"key":"bibr3-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600701365654"},{"key":"bibr4-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.03.007"},{"key":"bibr5-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J202v02n01_02"},{"key":"bibr6-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2008.9671881"},{"key":"bibr7-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210384275"},{"key":"bibr8-1524838013511543","first-page":"320","volume-title":"Handbook of Internet crime","author":"Bryce J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr9-1524838013511543","unstructured":"Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2008). Strategic Overview 2007-2008. Retrieved from http:\/\/ceop.police.uk\/Publications\/"},{"key":"bibr10-1524838013511543","unstructured":"Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre. (2010). Annual Review 2009-2010. Retrieved from http:\/\/ceop.police.uk\/Publications\/"},{"key":"bibr12-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.881"},{"key":"bibr13-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.187"},{"key":"bibr14-1524838013511543","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Sexual offender treatment: Controversial issues","author":"Cooper A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr15-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/pplt.2002.9.2.163"},{"key":"bibr16-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600601069414"},{"key":"bibr17-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2007.00454.x"},{"key":"bibr18-1524838013511543","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Sex as crime?","author":"Davidson J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr19-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00041-8"},{"key":"bibr20-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(88)90076-2"},{"key":"bibr21-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10949310050191845"},{"key":"bibr22-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.35.1.65"},{"key":"bibr23-1524838013511543","first-page":"14","volume":"61","author":"Durkin K. F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Federal Probation"},{"key":"bibr24-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2010.537379"},{"key":"bibr25-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.03.002"},{"key":"bibr26-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063208326929"},{"key":"bibr27-1524838013511543","volume-title":"Child sexual abuse: New theory and research","author":"Finkelhor D.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr28-1524838013511543","first-page":"435","volume":"6","author":"Gillespie A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Criminal Law Review"},{"key":"bibr29-1524838013511543","first-page":"411","volume":"14","author":"Gillespie A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child and Family Law Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr31-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490109552104"},{"key":"bibr32-1524838013511543","unstructured":"Home Office (2003). Sexual Offences Act 2003. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2003"},{"key":"bibr33-1524838013511543","unstructured":"Internet World Stats. (2012, June 30). World Internet usage and population statistics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.internetworldstats.com\/"},{"key":"bibr34-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2007.11.004"},{"key":"bibr35-1524838013511543","first-page":"1","volume":"279","author":"Krone T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice"},{"key":"bibr36-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218710802014469"},{"key":"bibr37-1524838013511543","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Serial offenders: Theory and practice","author":"Lanning K. V.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr38-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160701340577"},{"key":"bibr39-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v16n02_02"},{"key":"bibr40-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1874.2004.tb00185.x"},{"key":"bibr41-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v16n04_06"},{"key":"bibr42-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/135532506X114608"},{"key":"bibr43-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0964663906066613"},{"key":"bibr44-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160600558352"},{"key":"bibr45-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504271917"},{"key":"bibr46-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(99)00049-7"},{"key":"bibr47-1524838013511543","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell R. (2003). A typology of child cybersexploitation and online grooming practices. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jisc.ac.uk\/uploaded_documents\/lis_PaperJPrice.pdf"},{"key":"bibr48-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600008413311"},{"key":"bibr49-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109493101753235197"},{"key":"bibr50-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109493103321168009"},{"key":"bibr51-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2005.02.005"},{"key":"bibr52-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538710903317232"},{"key":"bibr53-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14043850802450120"},{"key":"bibr54-1524838013511543","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Child sexual abuse and the Internet: Tackling the new frontier","author":"Sullivan J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr55-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511730290.063"},{"key":"bibr56-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600902823063"},{"key":"bibr57-1524838013511543","unstructured":"U.S. House of Representatives. (2012). 18 U.S.C. Chapter 110 \u2013 Sexual exploitation and other abuse of children. Retrieved from http:\/\/uscode.house.gov\/uscode-cgi\/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t17t20+1023+20++%28%29%20%20"},{"key":"bibr58-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160208401823"},{"key":"bibr59-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.11.008"},{"key":"bibr60-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2012.707550"},{"key":"bibr61-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.05.006"},{"key":"bibr62-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.63.2.111"},{"key":"bibr63-1524838013511543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.1.e5"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1524838013511543","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1524838013511543","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1524838013511543","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:28:02Z","timestamp":1777703282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1524838013511543"}},"subtitle":["Prevalence, Process, and Offender Characteristics"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1524838013511543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838013511543","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]}}}