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Blind assessments of study eligibility and quality were performed by two independent researchers. Thirty-six studies including 185,358 participants and meeting minimum quality criteria that were enough to ensure objectivity and to not invalidate results were analyzed. Across the majority of studies, conduct disorder was significantly and directly related to child sexual abuse, especially repeated sexual molestation and abuse involving penetration, even after controlling for various sociodemographic, family, and clinical variables. The association between child sexual abuse and conduct disorder was not confounded by other risk factors, such as gender, socioeconomic status, school achievement, substance problems, physical abuse, parental antisocial behavior or substance problems, parent\u2013child relationships, and family disruption, conflict, or violence. Evidence for a significant interactive effect between child sexual abuse and monoamine oxidase A gene on conduct disorder was scant. Early sexual abuse might predispose to the subsequent onset of conduct disorder which, in turn, may lead to further sexual victimization through association with sexually abusive peers or involvement in dangerous situations or sexual survival strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014526068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]],"date-time":"2014-03-13T23:40:00Z","timestamp":1394754000000},"page":"241-257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Significance, Nature, and Direction of the Association Between Child Sexual Abuse and Conduct Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Maniglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Society, and Human Studies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524838014526068","unstructured":"References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the systematic review."},{"key":"bibr2-1524838014526068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(98)00062-3"},{"key":"bibr3-1524838014526068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.08.005"},{"key":"bibr4-1524838014526068","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr5-1524838014526068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104600704"},{"key":"bibr6-1524838014526068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.47.1.75"},{"key":"bibr7-1524838014526068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.11.1238"},{"key":"bibr8-1524838014526068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewin C., Andrews B., Gotlib I. 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