{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:27:13Z","timestamp":1793284033901,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Baby factories and baby harvesting are relatively new terms that involve breeding, trafficking, and abuse of infants and their biological mothers. Since it was first described in a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report in Nigeria in 2006, several more baby factories have been discovered over the years. Infertile women are noted to be major patrons of these baby factories due to the stigmatization of childless couples in Southern Nigeria and issues around cultural acceptability of surrogacy and adoption. These practices have contributed to the growth in the industry which results in physical, psychological, and sexual violence to the victims. Tackling baby factories will involve a multifaceted approach that includes advocacy and enacting of legislation barring baby factories and infant trafficking and harsh consequences for their patrons. Also, programs to educate young girls on preventing unwanted pregnancies are needed. Methods of improving awareness and acceptability of adoption and surrogacy and reducing the administrative and legal bottlenecks associated with these options for infertile couples should be explored to diminish the importance of baby factories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015591588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T21:54:58Z","timestamp":1437774898000},"page":"98-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Baby Factories in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Olusesan Ayodeji","family":"Makinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viable Knowledge Masters, Abuja, Nigeria"},{"name":"MEASURE Evaluation\/John Snow Inc., Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olalekan","family":"Olaleye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagoon Hospital Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufunmbi Olukemi","family":"Makinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana S.","family":"Huntley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Human Rights Researcher, LL.M\u201911, International Legal Studies Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Alexandria, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthy Communities, Division of Clinical Sciences, UCR School of Medicine, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524838015591588","unstructured":"AFP: Agence France-Presse. (2013, June 20). Nigeria frees 16 in \u201cbaby factory\u201d raid. Retrieved November 3, 2014, from http:\/\/www.news24.com\/Africa\/News\/Nigeria-frees-16-in-baby-factory-raid-20130620"},{"key":"bibr2-1524838015591588","unstructured":"Ajayi R. A., Dibosa-Osadolor O. J. (2011). Stakeholders\u2019 views on ethical issues in the practice of in-vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer in Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 15, 73\u201380. Retrieved from http:\/\/reference.sabinet.co.za\/sa_epublication_article\/ajrh_v15_n3_a7"},{"key":"bibr3-1524838015591588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akande V. A., Hunt L. P., Cahill D. J., Caul E. O., Ford W. C. L., Jenkins J. M. (2003). Tubal damage in infertile women: Prediction using chlamydia serology. Human Reproduction, 18, 1841\u20131847. Retrieved from http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deg347","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg347"},{"key":"bibr4-1524838015591588","unstructured":"Alfred C., Francis A. A., Ale A. C. (2014). Dialectics of the incubation of \u201cBaby Factories\u201d in Nigeria. International Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2. Retrieved from http:\/\/rcmss.com\/2014\/IJPCS-VOl2-No1\/Dialectics%20of%20the%20Incubation%20of%20%D4%C7Baby%20Factories%D4%C7%D6%20in%20Nigeria.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-1524838015591588","unstructured":"Allen A. L. (1990). Surrogacy, slavery, and the ownership of life. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 13, 139. Retrieved from http:\/\/heinonlinebackup.com\/hol-cgi-bin\/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals\/hjlpp13&section=29"},{"key":"bibr6-1524838015591588","unstructured":"Amujiri B. A. (2013). Human trafficking and child abuse: Their effect on our nation\u2019s image. Journal of Religion and Human Relations, 1. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/jrhr\/article\/view\/87324"},{"key":"bibr7-1524838015591588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antai D. (2011). 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C. (2003). Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: Illustrations from Egypt. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1837\u20131851. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277953602002083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00208-3"},{"key":"bibr19-1524838015591588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jadva V., Murray C., Lycett E., MacCallum F., Golombok S. (2003). Surrogacy: The experiences of surrogate mothers. Human Reproduction, 18, 2196\u20132204. Retrieved from http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deg397","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg397"},{"key":"bibr20-1524838015591588","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapstein E. B. (2003). The baby trade. Foreign Affairs, 82, 115\u2013125. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/20033761","DOI":"10.2307\/20033761"},{"key":"bibr21-1524838015591588","unstructured":"Madike I. (2013, May 26). The ABC of baby factories (National Mirror Investigation). 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