{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:38:12Z","timestamp":1781102292643,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]],"date-time":"2019-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the evidence base for patterns of oro-facial injuries in physical abuse cases of children and adolescents aged 0-17 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic searches of Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Cochrane Central and grey literature, dating from the oldest entry to August 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Review methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Search criteria included English language peer reviewed articles and theses on physical abuse cases affecting the age group of 0-17 years. Exclusion criteria were: Case reports and &lt;10 case series; studies involving bite mark injuries elsewhere on the body, sexual, ritualistic or emotional abuse and neglect, exposure to domestic violence; reviews; book chapters and conference proceedings. The following data was extracted: quality and design of study, oro-facial manifestations, new\/old injuries, fatalities, coexistent injuries, co-morbidities and radiologic investigations. Each study was subjected to two independent reviews and a third, if reviewers disagreed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors identified 51 articles, 26 of which satisfied the inclusion criteria. The oro-facial signs were superficial injuries of face, ears, neck, lips and oral mucosa, burns, torn fraenii and fractured teeth and jaws. A minority of studies stood out due to their well-developed design; expert opinion inclusion; new\/old\/occult injury investigations and facial bruising\/ intraoral injuries as sentinel markers. Overall, the review demonstrated weak study quality and representativeness as well as lacunae in uniform reporting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The available literature does not endorse any pathognomonic signature patterns of child physical abuse to the exposed oro-facial region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019827617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,11]],"date-time":"2019-03-11T00:10:25Z","timestamp":1552263025000},"page":"136-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Systematic Review of the Patterns of Orofacial Injuries in Physically Abused Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Reena","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Ozanne-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bassed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00126-1"},{"key":"bibr2-1524838019827617","volume-title":"Child protection Australia: 2015\u201316","author":"Australian Institute of Health &amp; Welfare","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr3-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.2007.12221258"},{"key":"bibr4-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1978.0447"},{"key":"bibr5-1524838019827617","volume-title":"World report on child injury prevention","author":"Branche C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr6-1524838019827617","volume-title":"Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence","author":"Butchart A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr7-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2005.00661.x"},{"key":"bibr8-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4812809"},{"key":"bibr9-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1436-9"},{"key":"bibr10-1524838019827617","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2009.00859.x"},{"key":"bibr11-1524838019827617","first-page":"13E","volume":"38","author":"Cot\u00e9 C. 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