{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:15:32Z","timestamp":1791854132450,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>On any given day, almost 11 million people globally are deprived of their liberty. In 2020, the global female population was estimated to be 741,000, an increase of 105,000 since 2010. In order to investigate progress in the adoption of the Bangkok Rules since 2010, we conducted a legal realist assessment based on a global scoping exercise of empirical research and United Nations (UN) reporting, using detailed MESH terms across university and UN databases. We found evidences in 91 documents which directly relate to violations of the Bangkok Rules in 55 countries. By developing a realist account, we document the precarious situation of incarcerated women and continued evidence of systemic failures to protect them from custodial violence and other gender-sensitive human rights breaches worldwide. Despite prison violence constituting a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, very little research (from the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, and Australia) has been conducted on custodial violence against women since 2010. Although standards of detention itself is a focus of UN universal periodic review, special procedures (violence against women) and concluding observations by the UN committees, very few explicitly mentioned women, and the implications of violence against them while incarcerated. We highlight three central aspects that hinder the full implementation of the Bangkok Rules; the past decade of a continued invisible nature of women as prisoners in the system; the continued legitimization, normalization, and trivialization of violence under the pretext of security within their daily lives; and the unawareness and disregard of international (Bangkok and others) rules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211036067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T05:16:28Z","timestamp":1627967788000},"page":"515-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["# Me Too: Global Progress in Tackling Continued Custodial Violence Against Women: The 10-Year Anniversary of the Bangkok Rules"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-4060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Claire","family":"Van Hout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Flei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heino","family":"St\u00f6ver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Work, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"bibr1-15248380211036067","first-page":"6658","volume":"13","author":"Agboola C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gender and Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr2-15248380211036067","first-page":"75","volume":"33","author":"Agboola C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology"},{"key":"bibr3-15248380211036067","unstructured":"Amnesty International USA. (2011). Not part of her sentence: Violations of the human rights of women in custody. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/reports\/usa-not-part-of-my-sentence-violations-of-the-human-rights-of-women-in-custody\/"},{"key":"bibr4-15248380211036067","unstructured":"Andrews N., Hackman M. (2020, September 16). U.S. opens investigation into claim of forced hysterectomies on detained immigrants. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 18, 2021, from https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/lawmakers-seek-investigation-into-allegations-of-mass-hysterectomies-on-detained-migrants-11600291610"},{"key":"bibr5-15248380211036067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.2018.26.9.591"},{"key":"bibr6-15248380211036067","first-page":"215","volume":"102","author":"Barbaret R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Papers"},{"key":"bibr7-15248380211036067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2019-0219"},{"key":"bibr8-15248380211036067","unstructured":"Berzano P. (n.d.). The Bangkok rules: An international response to the needs of women offenders. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https:\/\/www.unafei.or.jp\/publications\/pdf\/RS_No90\/No90_11VE_Barzano.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-15248380211036067","unstructured":"Bryant M. (2020, September 21). Allegations of unwanted Ice hysterectomies recall grim time in US history. Guardian. Retrieved June 18, 2021, from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/sep\/21\/unwanted-hysterectomy-allegations-ice-georgia-immigration"},{"key":"bibr10-15248380211036067","unstructured":"Bronson J., Stroop J., Zimmer S., Berzofsky M. (2017). Drug use, dependence, and abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates, 2007-2009. US Department of Justice. Retrieved February 9, 2021, from https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/App\/Publications\/abstract.aspx?ID=272712"},{"key":"bibr11-15248380211036067","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2014). Sexual victimization reported by adult correctional authorities. 2009\u201311. 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(45th sess.: 2010: Geneva)","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr72-15248380211036067","volume-title":"Concluding observations on the 2nd periodic report of the Plurinational State of Bolivia as approved by the Committee at its 50th session, 6-31 May 2013: Committee against torture","author":"United Nations Committee Against Torture (50th sess.: 2013: Geneva)","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr73-15248380211036067","author":"United Nations Committee Against Torture (50th sess.: 2013: Geneva)","year":"2013","journal-title":"Concluding observations on the 2nd periodic report of Japan, adopted by the committee at its 50th session, 6-31 May 2013: Committee against torture"},{"key":"bibr74-15248380211036067","volume-title":"Concluding observations on the combined 3rd to 5th periodic reports of the United States of America: Committee against torture","author":"United Nations Committee Against Torture (53rd sess.: 2014: Geneva)","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr75-15248380211036067","volume-title":"Concluding 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