{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:25:39Z","timestamp":1790425539485,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) Future Research Leader Award","award":["ES\/N017447\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/N017447\/1"]}]},{"name":"Principal\u2019s Career Development and Edinburgh Global Research Scholarships, the University of Edinburgh"},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["852787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["852787"]}]},{"name":"UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund","award":["ES\/S008101\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S008101\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Existing efforts to understand school-based child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programs mainly focus on the effectiveness of these programs in increasing participants\u2019 CSA knowledge and self-protective skills. There are currently no reviews addressing the underpinning pathways leading to these outcomes. In order to increase our understanding about the underpinning causal and contextual factors and inform the further development of school-based CSA prevention programs, a realist review was conducted to synthesize existing evidence from a broad range of data. Methods: An iterative search of electronic databases and grey literature was conducted, supplemented with citation tracking to locate relevant literature. For quantitative evidence, we considered evaluation studies that focused on students aged 5\u201318 years, who were enrolled in primary or secondary schools; for other types\/formats of studies\/documents, no population restrictions were applied. We included school-based CSA prevention programs that focused on improving knowledge of CSA or self-protective skills. Outcomes of interest included knowledge of CSA or self-protective skills. We did not apply methodological filters in terms of the types of studies to be included. Thematic content analysis was conducted to synthesize data. Results: Sixty-two studies were included. Five themes and five overarching Context-Strategy-Mechanism-Outcome configurations (CSMOs) that contributed to the success of school-based CSA interventions were identified, including tailoring programs to participants\u2019 cognitive developmental levels, repeated exposure of key concepts and skills, utilization of interactive delivery methods and positive feedback, delivery of positive information and application of the \u2018train-the-trainer\u2019 model. Implications: Findings from this realist review provide insights into the underlying program theory of school-based CSA prevention programs, which can aid in the development and implementation of these programs in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221082153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T11:17:57Z","timestamp":1652267877000},"page":"2067-2081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Unpacking School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Realist Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4338-8418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Meinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Optentia, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3913-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Neelakantan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15248380221082153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017697312"},{"key":"bibr2-15248380221082153","volume-title":"The assessment of a school-based intervention for the prevention of child sexual abuse (Doctoral dissertation","author":"Alexander A. 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