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Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21\u00a0years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (\u03ba = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221108070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]],"date-time":"2022-06-22T10:39:32Z","timestamp":1655894372000},"page":"2598-2615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8085-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kansok-Dusche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-6123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Ballaschk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6909-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-2429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Zei\u00dfig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4004-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisanne","family":"Seemann-Herz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2787-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Wachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany"},{"name":"National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludwig","family":"Bilz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15248380221108070","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Child and adolescent online risk exposure: An ecological perspective","author":"Bauman S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr2-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12670"},{"key":"bibr3-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2019.00083"},{"key":"bibr4-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40688-020-00318-5"},{"key":"bibr5-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.02.014"},{"key":"bibr6-15248380221108070","first-page":"1643","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education","volume":"3","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr7-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10982-017-9297-1"},{"key":"bibr8-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X20967394"},{"key":"bibr9-15248380221108070","volume-title":"Young children (0-8) and digital technology, a qualitative study across Europe","author":"Chaudron S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr10-15248380221108070","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr11-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X18768115"},{"key":"bibr12-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2017.0048"},{"key":"bibr13-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.033"},{"key":"bibr14-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439316666272"},{"key":"bibr15-15248380221108070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022429416658642"},{"key":"bibr16-15248380221108070","volume-title":"The EU Code of Conduct on countering illegal hate speech online - 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