{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:31:44Z","timestamp":1792463504394,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007088","name":"Uniwersytet Jagiello\u0144ski w Krakowie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Laboratoria Mlodych"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Laboratoria Mlodych"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of images of persons in a pornographic context (without the prior consent of the person concerned) on the internet is an increasingly widespread infringement. Unlawful activities carried out with the use of generated images and artificial intelligence are a variant of this phenomenon. \u201cRevenge porn\u201d and \u201cdeepfake porn\u201d illustrate the inadequacy of legal systems vis a vis the fast-changing reality. Using the comparative law method, a comparison was made between the current laws of nine EU Member States to create a map of protection for victims of revenge porn. As the results showed, in three of the studied countries there is a separate incrimination of revenge porn; however, the conceptual scope of its definition is significantly different and it is these differences that determine the legal way for the victims to assert their rights. This article is a comparison of the current legal regulations of selected European Union countries and the means of legal protection used by the victims. The text presents the differences occurring in the legal systems adopted in the countries subject to analysis, as well as an assessment of possible solutions at the legal and technological level to face the existing problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221143772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T07:43:34Z","timestamp":1671867814000},"page":"117-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Legal Protection of Revenge and Deepfake Porn Victims in the European Union: Findings From a Comparative Legal Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Mania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52885\/pah.v1i2.66"},{"key":"bibr2-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96226-9_7"},{"key":"bibr3-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443717691225"},{"key":"bibr4-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2021-4-3"},{"key":"bibr5-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0386.2006.00319.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr6-15248380221143772","first-page":"64","volume":"42","author":"Bates M. E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Online Searcher"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr7-15248380221143772","first-page":"231","volume":"22","author":"Benedick K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lewis & Clark Law Review"},{"key":"bibr8-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2016.07.001"},{"key":"bibr9-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2018.1534140"},{"key":"bibr10-15248380221143772","first-page":"3","volume":"28","author":"Brady K. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hastings Women\u2019s Law Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr11-15248380221143772","first-page":"128","volume":"11","author":"Branch K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"bibr12-15248380221143772","first-page":"405","volume":"32","author":"Brand O.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brooklyn Journal of International Law"},{"key":"bibr13-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23268743.2020.1815570"},{"key":"bibr14-15248380221143772","volume":"37","author":"Campbell J. K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"bibr15-15248380221143772","first-page":"107","volume":"2","author":"Castilla N. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies"},{"key":"bibr16-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palcomms.2016.69"},{"key":"bibr17-15248380221143772","author":"Coletti F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revenge porn: The concept and practice of combatting nonconsensual sexual images in Europe"},{"key":"bibr18-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244020931850"},{"key":"bibr19-15248380221143772","author":"De Gregorio G","year":"2019","journal-title":"The e-Commerce directive and GDPR: Towards convergence of legal regimes in the algorithmic society?"},{"key":"bibr20-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cls.2019.4"},{"key":"bibr21-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/tj.2018.0097"},{"key":"bibr22-15248380221143772","first-page":"1251","volume":"69","author":"Franks M. A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Florida Law Review"},{"key":"bibr23-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020818300001612"},{"key":"bibr24-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2501\/IJMR-2017-050"},{"key":"bibr25-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4469.2000.tb00157.x"},{"key":"bibr26-15248380221143772","unstructured":"Gotkovi\u010d G. V., Lydekait\u0117 A., Bernardini D., Nosenko K., Ryabtsev K., Leslie L. \u0160epetyt\u0117 L., Dikkers L., Nicolai M., Cassiers M., Carraro G. (2020). International Report on Internet Censorship, ELSA the Netherlands, p. 705."},{"key":"bibr27-15248380221143772","first-page":"16","volume":"82","author":"Hall M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"NOTA News"},{"key":"bibr28-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/L3251040881"},{"key":"bibr29-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1372832"},{"key":"bibr30-15248380221143772","first-page":"1","volume":"572","author":"Henry N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice"},{"key":"bibr31-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016650189"},{"key":"bibr32-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0149"},{"key":"bibr33-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520967143"},{"key":"bibr34-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0272"},{"key":"bibr35-15248380221143772","volume":"5","author":"Kaye L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology"},{"key":"bibr36-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sci2020022"},{"key":"bibr37-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mopp-2020-0024"},{"key":"bibr38-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2019.11.006"},{"key":"bibr39-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14791420.2016.1273534"},{"key":"bibr40-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jiplp\/jpy122"},{"key":"bibr41-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23268743.2020.1757499"},{"key":"bibr42-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41134-020-00118-0"},{"key":"bibr43-15248380221143772","volume-title":"II European Conference on Domestic Violence","author":"Magalh\u00e3es M. J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr44-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-020-09738-0"},{"key":"bibr45-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1365712718807226"},{"key":"bibr46-15248380221143772","first-page":"289","volume":"24","author":"Matsui S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Washington International Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr47-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/gqw033"},{"key":"bibr48-15248380221143772","first-page":"38","volume":"14","author":"McGlynn C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Irish Probation Journal"},{"key":"bibr49-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10691-017-9343-2"},{"key":"bibr50-15248380221143772","unstructured":"Neris N., Pacetta Ruiz J., Giorgetti Valente M. (2015). Fighting the dissemination of nonconsensual intimate images: A comparative analysis. InternetLab.org. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.internetlab.org.br\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2018\/11\/Fighting_the_Dissemination_of_Non.pdf"},{"key":"bibr51-15248380221143772","first-page":"2","volume":"1","author":"Nguyen T. T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11573"},{"key":"bibr52-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/lst.2020.17"},{"key":"bibr53-15248380221143772","first-page":"105","volume":"30","author":"Pahigian T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development"},{"key":"bibr54-15248380221143772","first-page":"512","volume":"7","author":"Pegg S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Criminal Law Review"},{"key":"bibr55-15248380221143772","first-page":"1435","volume":"2015","author":"Pitcher J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"BYU Law Review"},{"key":"bibr56-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2018.08.006"},{"key":"bibr57-15248380221143772","author":"Robert A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Direito-Florian\u00f3polis"},{"key":"bibr58-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101274"},{"key":"bibr59-15248380221143772","volume-title":"Information Technology Law","volume":"4","author":"Rowland D.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr60-15248380221143772","first-page":"1273","volume":"43","author":"Santiago A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seattle University Law Review"},{"key":"bibr61-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534484311410840"},{"key":"bibr62-15248380221143772","first-page":"353","volume":"2","author":"Stebek E. N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mizan Law Review"},{"key":"bibr63-15248380221143772","first-page":"209","volume":"44","author":"Tamanaha B. Z.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornell International Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr64-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3180445.3180447"},{"key":"bibr65-15248380221143772","first-page":"433","volume":"49","author":"Tsesis A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wake Forest Law Review"},{"key":"bibr66-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355369.3355583"},{"key":"bibr67-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21552\/edpl\/2020\/2\/9"},{"key":"bibr68-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2022.105716"},{"key":"bibr69-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jetl-2019-0101"},{"key":"bibr70-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57959-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr71-15248380221143772","volume":"18","author":"Voss W. G.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Internet Law"},{"key":"bibr72-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/lsi.2018.29"},{"key":"bibr73-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107305"},{"key":"bibr74-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0010414094026004006"},{"key":"bibr75-15248380221143772","author":"Weinzierl Q.","year":"2019","journal-title":"JuWissBlog"},{"key":"bibr76-15248380221143772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/1282"},{"key":"bibr77-15248380221143772","first-page":"1879","volume":"2009","author":"Whytock C. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"BYU Law Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr78-15248380221143772","first-page":"578","volume":"13","author":"Yar M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"bibr79-15248380221143772","volume-title":"Introduction to comparative law","volume":"3","author":"Zweigert K.","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380221143772","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380221143772","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380221143772","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:36:03Z","timestamp":1777703763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380221143772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380221143772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221143772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]}}}