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However, results across these studies are inconsistent. Therefore, the present meta-analysis aimed to examine the extent to which child maltreatment is associated with vulnerable and grandiose narcissism, and whether these associations differed by study or sample characteristics. A systematic literature review was conducted in Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Three-level meta-analyses were performed in R to synthesize the effect sizes. A total of 15 studies ( N\u2009=\u20099,141 participants) producing 129 effect sizes were included. Results showed that child maltreatment was positively related to both vulnerable narcissism (mean r\u2009=\u2009.198; p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and grandiose narcissism (mean r\u2009=\u2009.087; p\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), but only to a small extent. Further, the association between child maltreatment and vulnerable narcissism was stronger for neglect ( r\u2009=\u2009.278) than for physical abuse ( r\u2009=\u2009.130). The strength of the association between child maltreatment and grandiose narcissism was larger for samples that were on average younger than 18 years ( r\u2009=\u2009.187) than for samples that were on average older than 18\u2009years ( r\u2009=\u2009.068). Also, the strength of the association was stronger for females than for males. Child maltreatment is a risk factor for developing both vulnerable and grandiose narcissism. Interventions targeting pathological narcissism should be aware of potential trauma resulting from victimization of child maltreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221147559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T03:05:13Z","timestamp":1674011113000},"page":"275-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Pathological Narcissism: A Three-Level Meta-Analytic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0170-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuling","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University, 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