{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:43:55Z","timestamp":1791380635060,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"The Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Livestreaming of child sexual abuse (LSCSA) is an established form of online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA). However, only a limited body of research has examined this issue. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated internet use and user knowledge of livestreaming services emphasizing the importance of understanding this crime. In this scoping review, existing literature was brought together through an iterative search of eight databases containing peer-reviewed journal articles, as well as grey literature. Records were eligible for inclusion if the primary focus was on livestream technology and OCSEA, the child being defined as eighteen years or younger. Fourteen of the 2,218 records were selected. The data were charted and divided into four categories: victims, offenders, legislation, and technology. Limited research, differences in terminology, study design, and population inclusion criteria present a challenge to drawing general conclusions on the current state of LSCSA. The records show that victims are predominantly female. The average livestream offender was found to be older than the average online child sexual abuse offender. Therefore, it is unclear whether the findings are representative of the global population of livestream offenders. Furthermore, there appears to be a gap in what the records show on platforms and payment services used and current digital trends. The lack of a legal definition and privacy considerations pose a challenge to investigation, detection, and prosecution. The available data allow some insights into a potentially much larger issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221147564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T08:38:36Z","timestamp":1675327116000},"page":"260-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Livestreaming Technology and Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4671-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Drejer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"},{"name":"School of Leadership and Theology, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Riegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"University of Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"},{"name":"Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam S.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunn Astrid","family":"Baugerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bibr1-15248380221147564","first-page":"98","volume":"11","author":"A\u00e7ar K. 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