{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:31:13Z","timestamp":1793262673935,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Australian Government Research Training Program Sc"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Australian Government Research Training Program Sc"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sporting environments provide opportunities for perpetrators to commit child sexual abuse (CSA). While awareness of CSA in sport and preventative interventions are increasing, CSA in sport still occurs at alarming rates. A systematic review was conducted to identify and synthesize the extant literature on the enabling factors for CSA in sport. The 34 included articles were peer-reviewed and were primary sources; had full-text versions in English; included the individual, situational, environmental, or systemic antecedent factors and characteristics which enable CSA in organized sport (clubs, schools, universities, and representative teams); and focused on abuse in children (0\u201318\u2009years old), and included retrospective incidents. The enabling factors from across the broader sports system were identified and mapped using a systems thinking-based approach, the Risk Management Framework (RMF) and the associated AcciMap method. The results indicated that enabling factors for CSA in sport were identified at multiple levels of the sporting system hierarchy. The results show that 24.1% ( n\u2009=\u200946) of the enabling factors identified in the literature relate to the hierarchical level of the Athlete, teammates, opponents, and fans levels, and 52.9% ( n\u2009=\u2009101) of the enabling factors relate to the level of Direct supervisors, management, medical, and performance personnel level. However, only 13% ( n\u2009=\u200925) of enabling factors to CSA in sport were identified at the combined top four hierarchical levels. Results indicate that the problem of CSA in sport is a systems issue, and future research is required to explore how these factors interact to enable CSA in sport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231190666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T03:20:05Z","timestamp":1692847205000},"page":"1599-1613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["What Enables Child Sexual Abuse in Sport? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9041-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Dodd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Naughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2018-0036"},{"key":"bibr2-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095850"},{"key":"bibr3-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1477222"},{"key":"bibr4-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1357332980030104"},{"key":"bibr5-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2008.9671881"},{"key":"bibr6-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci3030326"},{"key":"bibr7-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2017.111"},{"key":"bibr8-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220802059232"},{"key":"bibr9-15248380231190666","first-page":"193","author":"Branford K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learning from high reliability organisations"},{"key":"bibr10-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X010071006"},{"key":"bibr11-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105120"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr12-15248380231190666","first-page":"20","volume":"41","author":"Chaturvedi S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"bibr13-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520915549"},{"key":"bibr14-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.06.010"},{"key":"bibr15-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16138171.2021.2003056"},{"key":"bibr16-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732308319925"},{"key":"bibr17-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2019.1645897"},{"key":"bibr18-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2615"},{"key":"bibr19-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2015.1008028"},{"key":"bibr20-15248380231190666","volume-title":"Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research","author":"Finkelhor D.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr21-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2020.1801937"},{"key":"bibr22-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2020.1773952"},{"key":"bibr23-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13573320500254869"},{"key":"bibr24-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00336297.2013.773532"},{"key":"bibr25-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ssj.2012-0216"},{"key":"bibr26-15248380231190666","volume-title":"CASES: Child abuse in sport: European Statistics\u2014Project Report","author":"Hartill M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr27-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1483459"},{"key":"bibr28-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221"},{"key":"bibr29-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.07.005"},{"key":"bibr30-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.04.016"},{"key":"bibr31-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098871"},{"key":"bibr32-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr33-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2016.1202819"},{"key":"bibr34-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.841653"},{"key":"bibr35-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16138171.2017.1318106"},{"key":"bibr36-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/wspaj.2019-0049"},{"key":"bibr37-15248380231190666","unstructured":"Johnson P. (2022). B.C. soccer coach Bob Birarda\u2019s sentencing hearing to resume in fall. The Province. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https:\/\/theprovince.com\/news\/crime\/bc-soccer-coach-bob-birardas-sentencing-hearing-to-resume-in-fall"},{"key":"bibr38-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/wspaj.1.1.19"},{"key":"bibr39-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017738726"},{"key":"bibr40-15248380231190666","volume-title":"Report of Case Study No.15: Response of swimming institutions, the Queensland and NSW Offices of the DPP and the Queensland Commission for Children and Young People and Child Guardian to allegations of child sexual abuse by swimming coaches","author":"McClellan P.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr41-15248380231190666","volume-title":"Report of Case Study No. 39: The response of certain football (soccer), cricket and tennis organisations to allegations of child sexual abuse","author":"McClellan P.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr42-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.09.011"},{"key":"bibr43-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103651"},{"key":"bibr44-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2023.104019"},{"key":"bibr45-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690215608517"},{"key":"bibr46-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211067003"},{"key":"bibr47-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11474"},{"key":"bibr48-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094619"},{"key":"bibr49-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2019.07.001"},{"key":"bibr50-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2016.02.007"},{"key":"bibr51-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/101269001036002003"},{"key":"bibr52-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.06.002"},{"key":"bibr53-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2013-0053"},{"key":"bibr54-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12662-020-00678-3"},{"key":"bibr55-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690490202"},{"key":"bibr56-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2015.1063484"},{"key":"bibr57-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14413523.2021.1930951"},{"key":"bibr58-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002"},{"key":"bibr59-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"bibr60-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221114155"},{"key":"bibr61-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.573459"},{"key":"bibr62-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193723520973571"},{"key":"bibr63-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.009"},{"key":"bibr64-15248380231190666","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Child abuse and neglect: Definitions, classifications, and a framework for research","author":"Porter M. R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr65-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2018-0054"},{"key":"bibr66-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(97)00052-0"},{"key":"bibr67-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.05.009"},{"key":"bibr68-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.03.001"},{"key":"bibr69-15248380231190666","volume-title":"Change the routine: Report on the independent review into gymnastics in Australia","author":"Rom N.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr70-15248380231190666","volume-title":"Understanding and preventing work-related violence in hospital settings: A systems thinking approach. Final report","author":"Salmon P. M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr71-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2015.07.017"},{"key":"bibr72-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104650"},{"key":"bibr73-15248380231190666","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Human Factors and Ergonomics in Sport: Applications and Future Directions","author":"Salmon P. M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr74-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105511"},{"key":"bibr75-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429281624"},{"key":"bibr76-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2010.489966"},{"key":"bibr77-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463373.2019.1596141"},{"key":"bibr78-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.04.006"},{"key":"bibr79-15248380231190666","unstructured":"Sheldon C. (2021). Independent review into child sexual abuse in football 1970\u20132005. https:\/\/www.thefa.com\/-\/media\/thefacom-new\/files\/about-the-fa\/sheldon-report\/independent-review-into-child-sexual-abuse-in-football-1970-2005.ashx"},{"key":"bibr80-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2019.1703233"},{"key":"bibr81-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16138171.2019.1655851"},{"key":"bibr82-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.06.008"},{"key":"bibr83-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.051433"},{"key":"bibr84-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011504"},{"key":"bibr85-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2022.2100026"},{"key":"bibr86-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.029"},{"key":"bibr87-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.006"},{"key":"bibr88-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690213498079"},{"key":"bibr89-15248380231190666","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.09.004"},{"key":"bibr90-15248380231190666","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006). Preventing child maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. WHO. www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/publications\/violence\/child_maltreatment\/en\/"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380231190666","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380231190666","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380231190666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:37:04Z","timestamp":1777703824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380231190666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380231190666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380231190666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]}}}