{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:46:40Z","timestamp":1792039600487,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001275","name":"Oak Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFIL-20-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFIL-20-057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Weidenfeld-Hoffmann Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) has emerged as a critical child protection and public health concern in recent years. While the phenomenon is prevalent globally, its impact is compounded in sub-Saharan Africa owing to the cultural and socioeconomic challenges that leave many households in the region vulnerable. The present study synthesized existing evidence using the socioecological model as a guiding framework to assess the risk and protective factors associated with CSEC in sub-Saharan Africa. A protocol for the study was published in PROSPERO (CRD42022331832) with pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies were screened and extracted from eight databases: PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, PROQUEST (Social Science Premium), PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE via Ovid. After an initial screening of 4,377 papers, seven studies were found eligible for the final review. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guide for reporting systematic reviews. Included studies were appraised and rated using the Cambridge Quality Checklist and GRADE. Findings revealed risk factors, including adverse childhood experience and victimization, females aged 16\u2009years and older, school dropouts, technology influence, child and parental alcohol use, and separation from caregivers. On the other hand, protective factors such as the number of female adolescents in a household, frequent health screening in schools, children being in school, and high parental monitoring were found to be associated with a lower risk of CSEC. Based on these findings, we recommend that interventions in sub-Saharan Africa adopt a holistic approach that addresses identified risk factors while harnessing protective factors to combat CSEC effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241241021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T08:15:43Z","timestamp":1711786543000},"page":"3177-3190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk and Protective Factors of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enoch Boafo","family":"Amponsah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA"},{"name":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alhassan","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bothaina","family":"Eltigani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie D.","family":"Cluver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah A. Jordan L. P. Lu S. Emery C. R. (2022). Collective value of Abiriwatia and protective informal social control of child neglect: Findings from a Nationally Representative Survey in Ghana. Health & Social Care in the Community 30(6): e5745\u2013e5754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.14005","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.14005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramovich E. (2005). Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for subsequent involvement in sex work. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 17(1\u20132) 131\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J056v17n01_08","DOI":"10.1300\/J056v17n01_08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adjei J. K. Saewyc E. (2017). Boys are not exempt: Sexual exploitation of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect 65 14\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahinkorah B. O. Hagan J. E. Seidu A.-A. Bolarinwa O. A. Budu E. Adu C. Okyere J. Archer A. G. Schack T. (2022). Association between female genital mutilation and girl-child marriage in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Biosocial Science 55(1) 87\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0021932021000687","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932021000687"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atwine B. Cantor-Graae E. Bajunirwe F. (2005). Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda. Social Science & Medicine 61(3) 555\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahadur D. (2021). Socio-cultural beliefs of the deuki tradition in Nepal. Voice of Teacher 6(1) 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/vot.v6i1.44066","DOI":"10.3126\/vot.v6i1.44066"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnert E. Iqbal Z. Bruce J. Anoshiravani A. Kolhatkar G. Greenbaum J. (2017). Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children and adolescents: A narrative review. Academic Pediatrics 17(8) 825\u2013829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2017.07.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2017.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benavente B. D\u00edaz-Faes D. A. Ballester L. Pereda N. (2021). Commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in Europe: A systematic review. Trauma Violence & Abuse 23(5) 1529\u20131548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838021999378","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838021999378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"Brewster T. (2020). Online Child Abuse Complaints Surpass 4 Million In April. This Is How Cops Are Coping Despite COVID-19. Forbes. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/thomasbrewster\/2020\/05\/09\/online-child-abuse-complaints-surpass-4-million-in-april-this-is-how-cops-are-coping-despite-covid-19\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.32.7.513"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chae S. (2013). Timing of orphanhood early sexual debut and early marriage in four sub-Saharan African countries. Studies in Family Planning 44(2) 123\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2013.00349.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2013.00349.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cluver L. Gardner F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers\u2019 perspectives. AIDS Care 19(3) 318\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540120600986578","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600986578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cluver L. Orkin M. Boyes M. Gardner F. Meinck F. (2011). Transactional sex amongst AIDS-orphaned and AIDS-affected adolescents predicted by abuse and extreme poverty. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 58(3) 336\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822f0d82","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822f0d82"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobbina J. E. Oselin S. S. (2011). It\u2019s not only for the money: An analysis of adolescent versus adult entry into street prostitution*. Sociological Inquiry 81(3) 310\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-682X.2011.00375.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.2011.00375.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","unstructured":"Counter-Trafficking Data Collaborative. (2020). Global data hub on human trafficking. https:\/\/www.ctdatacollaborative.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolev-Cohen M. Ricon T. Levkovich I. (2020). #WhyIDidntReport: Reasons why young Israelis do not submit complaints regarding sexual abuse. Children and Youth Services Review 115 105044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ECPAT International. (2014). Don\u2019t look away\u2019 be aware. The sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism. Assessment on sexual exploitation of children related to tourism and reporting mechanisms in Gambia Kenya Madagascar Senegal and South Africa. http:\/\/www.ecpat.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/legacy\/OverallreportAssessmentofAfricancountries.pdf http:\/\/www.ecpat.org\/wpcontent\/uploads\/legacy\/OverallreportAssessmentAfricancountries.pdf.","DOI":"10.1037\/e500792015-350"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards L. Mika K. M. (2017). Advancing the efforts of the macro-level social work response against sex trafficking. International Social Work 60(3) 695\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020872815617992","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872815617992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elnakib S. Hunersen K. Metzler J. Bekele H. Robinson W. C. (2021). Child marriage among Somali refugees in Ethiopia: A cross sectional survey of adolescent girls and adult women. BMC Public Health 21(1) 1051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11080-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11080-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flanagan I. M. L. Auty K. M. Farrington D. P. (2019). Parental supervision and later offending: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior 47 215\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2019.06.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franchino-Olsen H. (2019). Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children\/domestic minor sex trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma Violence & Abuse 22(1) 99\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838018821956","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838018821956"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195325492.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerassi L. (2015). From exploitation to industry: Definitions risks and consequences of domestic sexual exploitation and sex work among women and girls. Journal of Human Behavior in The Social Environment 25(6) 591\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10911359.2014.991055","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2014.991055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golden S. D. Earp J. A. L. (2012). Social ecological approaches to individuals and their contexts: Twenty years of health education & behavior health promotion interventions. Health Education & Behavior 39(3) 364\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198111418634","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198111418634"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","volume-title":"Terminology guidelines for the protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse","author":"Greijer S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greijer S., Doek J. (2016). Interagency working group on sexual exploitation of children. In Terminology guidelines for the protection of children from sexual exploitation and abuse. ECPAT International."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","first-page":"924","article-title":"GRADE: What is \u201cquality of evidence\u201d and why is it important to clinicians","volume":"336","author":"Guyat G. H.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guyat G. H. (2008). GRADE: What is \u201cquality of evidence\u201d and why is it important to clinicians. BMJ, 336, 924\u2013926.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyatt G. H. Oxman A. D. Sultan S. Glasziou P. Akl E. A. Alonso-Coello P. Atkins D. Kunz R. Brozek J. Montori V. Jaeschke R. Rind D. Dahm P. Meerpohl J. Vist G. Berliner E. Norris S. Falck-Ytter Y. Murad M. H. Sch\u00fcnemann H. J. (2011). GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 64(12) 1311\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper E. A. Kruger A. C. Varjas K. Meyers J. (2019). An organizational consultation framework for school-based prevention of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation 29(4) 401\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10474412.2018.1552155","DOI":"10.1080\/10474412.2018.1552155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoskins D. H. (2014). Consequences of parenting on adolescent outcomes. Societies 4(3) 506\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soc4030506","DOI":"10.3390\/soc4030506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526436146.n18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hounmenou C. Her W. (2018). Distinctiveness in the commercial sexual exploitation of children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the literature. Journal of Human Trafficking 4(4) 298\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23322705.2017.1365567","DOI":"10.1080\/23322705.2017.1365567"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","unstructured":"Hyatt S. Spuur K. Sciupac M. (2012). Sexual exploitation and homeless youth in California: What policymakers need to know. In California homeless youth project voices from the street. http:\/\/Cahomelessyouth.Library.ca.Gov\/Docs\/Pdf\/SexualExploitedHomelessYouthIssueBrief.Pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","unstructured":"International Labour Organization. (2017). Forced labour modern slavery and human trafficking. https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/topics\/forced-labour\/lang\u2013en\/index.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jordan L. P. Zhou X. Abdullah A. Emery C. R. (2023). Gendered dimensions of demand for commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in Kathmandu Nepal. Violence Against Women 10778012231172708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012231172708","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231172708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872818798000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe G. S. Clarke-Pearson K. (2011). The impact of social media on children adolescents and families. Pediatrics 127(4) 800\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-0054","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","unstructured":"Left S. (2007 March 22). Sons for sale. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2007\/mar\/22\/sarahleft"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Trokosi tradition in Ghana: The silencing of a religion","volume":"4","author":"Martinez R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez R. (2011). The Trokosi tradition in Ghana: The silencing of a religion. History in the Making, 4(1), 5.","journal-title":"History in the Making"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbamba C. R. Amponsah E. B. Ndemole I. K. (2023). Structural patterns that facilitate the trafficking of children: Narratives from practitioners involved in the rescue and after-care of trafficked children. Journal of Social Service Research 49(1) 126\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01488376.2023.2169805","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2023.2169805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbamba C. R. Amponsah E. B. Yeboaa P. A. Annang D. McCarthy M. (2023). Parents\u2019 reflections on child trafficking mitigation mechanisms in trafficking hotspot communities. Global Crime 24(2) 93\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17440572.2023.2166935","DOI":"10.1080\/17440572.2023.2166935"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mbamba C. R. Kpobi Ndemole I. Madinatu Hassan S. Arthur I. Mountz S. (2022). Practice approaches to combat child trafficking in trafficking-sensitive areas in Ghana: Experiences of practitioners involved in child trafficking interventions. Children and Youth Services Review 140 106582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2022.106582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2022.106582"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlyakado B. P. Li J. C.-M. (2019). Sexual exploitation of adolescent students in Tanzania: Implication for social services. International Social Work 62(3) 104\u20131116. https:\/\/ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk:2246\/doi\/10.1177\/0020872818774111","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872818774111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moola S. Munn Z. Sears K. Sfetcu R. Currie M. Lisy K. Tufanaru C. Qureshi R. Mattis P. Mu P. (2015). Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): The Joanna Briggs Institute\u2019s approach. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 13(3) 163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000064","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muir C. Adams E. A. Evans V. Geijer-Simpson E. Kaner E. Phillips S. M. Salonen D. Smart D. Winstone L. McGovern R. (2023). A systematic review of qualitative studies exploring lived experiences perceived impact and coping strategies of children and young people whose parents use substances. Trauma Violence & Abuse 24(5) 3629\u20133646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221134297","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221134297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray J. Farrington D. P. Eisner M. P. (2009). Drawing conclusions about causes from systematic reviews of risk factors: The Cambridge quality checklists. Journal of Experimental Criminology 5(1) 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11292-008-9066-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-008-9066-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","volume-title":"Network Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children (NASEC) Conference","author":"Nairne D.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nairne D. (1996). Girl children at risk: A study of child sex workers in Hilbrow, Johannesburg. In Network Against the Sexual Exploitation of Children (NASEC) Conference, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","unstructured":"National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC). (2013). http:\/\/www.missingkids.com\/KeyFacts#one"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","unstructured":"National Museum of Organized Crime and Law Enforcement. (2021). The world\u2019s top five organized crime rackets. The Mob Museum. https:\/\/themobmuseum.org\/blog\/the-worlds-top-five-organized-crime-rackets\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","volume-title":"Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States","author":"National Research Council","year":"2013","unstructured":"National Research Council. (2013). Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. National Academies Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","volume-title":"Tradition and change in Ghana: An introduction to sociology","author":"Nukunya G. K.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nukunya G. K. (2003). Tradition and change in Ghana: An introduction to sociology (2nd ed.). Ghana Universities Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page M. J. McKenzie J. E. Bossuyt P. M. Boutron I. Hoffmann T. C. Mulrow C. D. Shamseer L. Tetzlaff J. M. Akl E. A. Brennan S. E. Chou R. Glanville J. Grimshaw J. M. Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. Lalu M. M. Li T. Loder E. W. Mayo-Wilson E. McDonald S. Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 10(1) 89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesando L. M. Abufhele A. (2019). Household determinants of teen marriage: Sister effects across four low- and middle-income countries. Studies in Family Planning 50(2) 113\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sifp.12089","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12089"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulverman C. S. Kilimnik C. D. Meston C. M. (2018). The impact of childhood sexual abuse on women\u2019s sexual health: A comprehensive review. Sexual Medicine Reviews 6(2) 188\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2017.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reid J. A. Piquero A. R. (2014). Age-graded risks for commercial sexual exploitation of male and female youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29(9) 1747\u20131777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260513511535","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513511535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizo C. F. Klein L. B. Chesworth B. R. O\u2019Brien J. E. Macy R. J. Martin S. L. Crews M. E. Love B. L. (2019). Educating youth about commercial sexual exploitation of children: A systematic review. Global Social Welfare 6(1) 29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40609-018-0119-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40609-018-0119-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizo C. F. Masa R. D. Godoy S. M. O\u2019Brien J. E. (2021). Sexual exploitation and abuse among adolescents in Ghana: The role of schools. Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development 18(4) 332\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26904586.2021.1985681","DOI":"10.1080\/26904586.2021.1985681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Self-Brown S. Culbreth R. Wilson R. Armistead L. Kasirye R. Swahn M. H. (2021). Individual and parental risk factors for sexual exploitation among high-risk youth in Uganda. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(5\u20136) NP3263\u2013NP3284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518771685","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518771685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torri M. (2013). Abuse of lower castes in South India: The institution of devadasi. Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies 11(2) 31\u201348. https:\/\/vc.bridgew.edu\/jiws\/vol11\/iss2\/3.","DOI":"10.1177\/1464993413504347"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","unstructured":"United Nations Development Program. (2021). United Nations Development Program in Africa: About sub-Saharan Africa. UNDP in Africa. https:\/\/www.africa.undp.org\/content\/rba\/en\/home\/regioninfo.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2014). Trafficking in children on the increase according to the latest UNODC Report. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/frontpage\/2014\/November\/trafficking-in-children-on-the-increase\u2013according-to-latest-unodc-report.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). Global report on trafficking in persons. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-andanalysis\/tip\/2021\/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","unstructured":"US Department of Education. (2015). Human trafficking in America\u2019s schools | National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE). https:\/\/safesupportivelearning.ed.gov\/human-trafficking-americas-schools."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatesan M. Luongo G. (2019). Sustainable development goal 8 in context. In SDG8 \u2013 Sustainable Economic Growth and decent work for all (pp. 5\u201338). Emerald Publishing Limited. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/978-1-78973-091-320191005","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-78973-091-320191005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward T. Louden K. Hudson S. M. Marshall W. L. (1995). A descriptive model of the offence chain for child molesters. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10(4) 452\u2013472.","DOI":"10.1177\/088626095010004005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warria A. (2017). Forced child marriages as a form of child trafficking. Children and Youth Services Review 79 274\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.06.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health: Chapter 3 child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers. World Health Organization. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42512"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241241021","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380241241021","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241241021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:08:43Z","timestamp":1792037323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380241241021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380241241021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241241021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}