{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T04:41:41Z","timestamp":1793680901803,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Serving military personnel and veterans are known to be at elevated risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and some veterans have been shown to respond poorly to current standard treatments. Evidence so far suggests that according to the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems guidelines, complex PTSD (CPTSD) may be of higher prevalence in the general population than PTSD. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of CPTSD compared to PTSD in serving and ex-serving military populations. A systematic review was conducted with the search criteria set to peer-reviewed English language journal articles, focusing on serving military or veteran populations, reporting on the prevalence of CPTSD, not restricted by year. Four comprehensive databases (Psycinfo, Pubmed, CINAHL, and Embase) were searched. Of the 297 identified articles, 16 primary studies were eligible for inclusion. The review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023416458), and results were reported based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Of the 16 studies, 13 demonstrated higher prevalence of CPTSD than PTSD. Studies were predominantly veteran focused. Prevalence of CPTSD ranged from 5% to 80.63%, while prevalence of PTSD ranged from 3.8% to 42.37%. There was high heterogeneity in study populations, preventing meta-analysis. This is the first systematic review to assess the prevalence of CPTSD in serving military and veteran populations, with the findings demonstrating a higher rate of CPTSD compared to PTSD. It is hoped that the review will assist clinicians and military and veteran health services with appropriate assessment, diagnosis, and intervention for those affected by CPTSD, as well as PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241246996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T08:37:54Z","timestamp":1713861474000},"page":"3377-3387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prevalence of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Serving Military and Veteran Populations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Rory","family":"Grinsill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toowong Private Hospital, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Kolandaisamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipswich Hospital, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6300-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelyn","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toowong Private Hospital, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Savoir Rooms Specialist Medial Practice, Milton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Varker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phoenix Australia\u2014Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toowong Private Hospital, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armour C. Robinson M. Ross J. (2021). Factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire in UK Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12(1) 1924954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2021.1924954","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1924954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Service with the Australian Defence Force: Census. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/people-and-communities\/service-australiandefence-force-census\/latest-release"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewin C. R. Cloitre M. Hyland P. Shevlin M. Maercker A. Bryant R. A. Humayun A. Jones L. M. Kagee A. Rousseau C. Somasundaram D. Suzuki Y. Wessely S. van Ommeren M. Reed G. M. (2017). A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review 58 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloitre M. Garvert D. W. Brewin C. R. Bryant R. A. Maercker A. (2013). Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 4(1) 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.20706","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.20706"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloitre M. Hyland P. Bisson J. I. Brewin C. R. Roberts N. P. Karatzias T. Shevlin M. (2019). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: A population-based study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 32(6) 833\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22454","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22454"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloitre M. Hyland P. Prins A. Shevlin M. (2021). The international trauma questionnaire (ITQ) measures reliable and clinically significant treatment-related change in PTSD and complex PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12(1) 1930961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930961","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930961"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cloitre M. Shevlin M. Brewin C. R. Bisson J. I. Roberts N. P. Maercker A. Karatzias T. Hyland P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: Development of a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 138(6) 536\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.12956","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12956"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currier J. M. Foster J. D. Karatzias T. Murphy D. (2021). Moral injury and ICD-11 complex PTSD (CPTSD) symptoms among treatment-seeking veterans in the United Kingdom. Psychological Trauma 13(4) 417\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000921","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000921"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Jongh A. Resick P. A. Zoellner L. A. van Minnen A. Lee C. W. Monson C. M. Foa E. B. Wheeler K. ten Broeke E. Feeny N. Rauch S. A. M. Chard K. M. Mueser K. T. Sloan D. M. van der Gaag M. Rothbaum B. O. Neuner F. de Roos C. Hehenkamp L. M. . . . Bicanic I. A. E. (2016). Critical analysis of the current treatment guidelines for complex PTSD in adults. Depression and Anxiety 33(5) 359\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22469","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighton G. Wood K. Armour C. Fossey M. Hogan L. Kitchiner N. Larcombe J. Rogers R. D. Dymond S. (2023). Gambling problems among United Kingdom armed forces veterans: Associations with gambling motivation and posttraumatic stress disorder. International Gambling Studies 23(1) 35\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14459795.2022.2063923","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2022.2063923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folke S. Nielsen A. B. S. Andersen S. B. Karatzias T. Karstoft K. I. (2019). ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in treatment-seeking Danish veterans: A latent profile analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10(1) 1686806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2019.1686806","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1686806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folke S. Nielsen A. B. S. Karstoft K. I. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in treatment-seeking Danish soldiers: A replication of Folke et al. (2019) using the International Trauma Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12(1) 1930703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930703","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1930703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 5(3) 377\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.2490050305","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490050305"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoge C. W. Riviere L. A. Wilk J. E. Herrell R. K. Weathers F. W. (2014). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: A head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist. The Lancet Psychiatry 1(4) 269\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70235-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70235-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard A. Agathos J. A. Phelps A. Cowlishaw S. Terhaag S. Arjmand H.-A. Armstrong R. Berle D. Steel Z. Brewer D. Human B. Herwig A. Wigg C. Kemp P. Wellauer R. O\u2019Donnell M. L. (2021). Prevalence and treatment implications of ICD-11 complex PTSD in Australian treatment-seeking current and ex-serving military members. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12(1) 1844441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2020.1844441","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1844441"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatzias T. Hyland P. Bradley A. Cloitre M. Roberts N. P. Bisson J. I. Shevlin M. (2019). Risk factors and comorbidity of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: Findings from a trauma-exposed population based sample of adults in the United Kingdom. Depression and Anxiety 36(9) 887\u2013894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22934","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22934"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatzias T. Murphy P. Cloitre M. Bisson J. Roberts N. Shevlin M. Hyland P. Maercker A. Ben-Ezra M. Coventry P. Mason-Roberts S. Bradley A. Hutton P. (2019). Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 49(11) 1761\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719000436","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karatzias T. Shevlin M. Fyvie C. Hyland P. Efthymiadou E. Wilson D. Roberts N. Bisson J. I. Brewin C. R. Cloitre M. (2017). Evidence of distinct profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Journal of Affective Disorders 207 181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitchiner N. Roberts N. Wilcox D. Bisson J. (2012). Systematic review and meta-analyses of psychosocial interventions for veterans of the military. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 3(1) 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.19267","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v3i0.19267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letica-Crepulja M. Stevanovic A. Protuder M. Grahovac Juretic T. Rebic J. Franciskovic T. (2020). Complex PTSD among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 11(1) 1716593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2020.1716593","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1716593"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma L.-L. Wang Y.-Y. Yang Z.-H. Huang D. Weng H. Zeng X.-T. (2020). Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better? Military Medical Research 7(1) 7\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-020-00238-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00238-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mordeno I. G. Nalipay M. Jenin N. Mordeno E. R. (2019). The factor structure of complex PTSD in combat-exposed Filipino soldiers. Psychiatry Research 278 65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.05.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn Z. Moola S. Lisy K. Riitano D. Tufanaru C. (2020). Chapter 5: Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence. In Aromataris E. Munn Z. (Ed.) JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI. https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-17-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy D. Ashwick R. Palmer E. Busuttil W. (2019). Describing the profile of a population of UK veterans seeking support for mental health difficulties. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon England) 28(6) 654\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638237.2017.1385739","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1385739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy D. Karatzias T. Busuttil W. Greenberg N. Shevlin M. (2021). ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder in treatment seeking veterans: Risk factors and comorbidity. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 56(7) 1289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-021-02028-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-021-02028-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy D. Shevlin M. Pearson E. Greenberg N. Wessely S. Busuttil W. Karatzias T. (2020). A validation study of the International Trauma Questionnaire to assess post-traumatic stress disorder in treatment-seeking veterans. British Journal of Psychiatry 216(3) 132\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2020.9","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy D. Smith K. V. (2018). Treatment efficacy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Latent class trajectories of treatment response and their predictors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 31(5) 753\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22333","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22333"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page M. J. McKenzie J. E. Bossuyt P. M. Boutron I. Hoffmann T. C. Mulrow C. D. Shamseer L. Tetzlaff J. M. Akl E. A. Brennan S. E. Chou R. Glanville J. Grimshaw J. M. Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. Lalu M. M. Li T. Loder E. W. Mayo-Wilson E. McDonald S. . . .Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Online) 372 n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palic S. Zerach G. Shevlin M. Zeligman Z. Elklit A. Solomon Z. (2016). Evidence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) across populations with prolonged trauma of varying interpersonal intensity and ages of exposure. Psychiatry Research 246 692\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.10.062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.10.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phelps A. J. Steel Z. Metcalf O. Alkemade N. Kerr K. O\u2019Donnell M. Nursey J. Cooper J. Howard A. Armstrong R. Forbes D. (2018). Key patterns and predictors of response to treatment for military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: A growth mixture modelling approach. Psychological Medicine 48(1) 95\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717001404","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson J. D. Contractor A. A. Armour C. St Cyr K. Elhai J. D. Sareen J. (2014). Predictors of long-term treatment outcome in combat and peacekeeping veterans with military-related PTSD. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75(11) e1299\u2013e1305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.13m08796","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08796"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spikol E. Robinson M. McGlinchey E. Ross J. Armour C. (2022). Exploring complex-PTSD comorbidity in trauma-exposed Northern Ireland veterans. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 13(1) 2046953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2022.2046953","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2046953"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevelink S. A. M. Jones M. Hull L. Pernet D. MacCrimmon S. Goodwin L. MacManus D. Murphy D. Jones N. Greenberg N. Rona R. J. Fear N. T. Wessely S. (2018). Mental health outcomes at the end of the British involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts: A cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry 213(6) 690\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2018.175","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson J. M. VanTil L. D. Zamorski M. A. Garber B. Dursun S. Fikretoglu D. Ross D. Richardson J. D. Sareen J. Sudom K. Courchesne C. Pedlar D. J. (2016). Mental health of Canadian Armed Forces veterans: review of population studies. Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health 2(1) 70\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jmvfh.3258","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh.3258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"Mental health prevalence, mental health and wellbeing transition study","author":"Van Hooff M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Hooff M., Lawrence-Wood E., Hodson S., Sadler N., Benassi H., Hansen C., Grace B., Avery J., Searle A., Iannos M., Abraham M., Baur J., McFarlane A. (2018). Mental health prevalence, mental health and wellbeing transition study. The Department of Defence and the Department of Veterans\u2019 Affairs, Canberra."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson C. Baumann J. Murphy D. (2023). Exploring the health and well-being of a national sample of U.K. treatment-seeking veterans. Psychological Trauma 15(4) 672\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001356","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001356"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisco B. E. Miller M. W. Wolf E. J. Kilpatrick D. Resnick H. S. Badour C. L. Marx B. P. Keane T. M. Rosen R. C. Friedman M. J. (2016). The impact of proposed changes to ICD-11 on estimates of PTSD prevalence and comorbidity. Psychiatry Research 240 226\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.04.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf E. J. Miller M. W. Kilpatrick D. Resnick H. S. Badour C. L. Marx B. P. Keane T. M. Rosen R. C. Friedman M. J. (2015). ICD-11 complex PTSD in U.S. national and veteran samples. Clinical Psychological Science 3(2) 215\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702614545480","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614545480"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision). https:\/\/icd.who.int\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerach G. (2023). The contribution of childhood adversity and potentially traumatic events during military service to PTSD and complex PTSD symptoms among Israeli women veterans. Psychological Trauma 15(8) 1259\u20131270 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001463","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001463"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerach G. Levi-Belz Y. (2023). Exposure to potentially morally injurious events disruption in assumptive world moral injury symptoms and psychological distress among Israeli female veterans. Stress and Health 39(3) 651\u2013662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smi.3214","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerach G. Shevlin M. Cloitre M. Solomon Z. (2019). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) following captivity: A 24-year longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10(1) 1616488\u20131616488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2019.1616488","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1616488"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241246996","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380241246996","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241246996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:09:56Z","timestamp":1792037396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380241246996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380241246996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241246996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]}}}