{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:37:00Z","timestamp":1791049020415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"What Works for Children\u2019s Social Care"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Young people who transition to adulthood from out-of-home care (OOHC) are more likely to experience a range of poorer outcomes relative to their same-age peers in the community. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of policies or interventions (hereafter \u201cinterventions\u201d) aimed at improving housing, health, education, economic, and psychosocial outcomes for youth leaving OOHC (hereafter \u201ccare leavers\u201d). Eleven databases of published literature were reviewed along with gray literature. Eligible studies used randomized or quasi-experimental designs and assessed interventions that provided support to care leavers prior to, during, or after they left OOHC. Primary outcomes were housing and homelessness, health and well-being, education, economic and employment, criminal and delinquent behavior, and risky behavior, while secondary outcomes were supportive relationships and life skills. Where possible, results were pooled in a meta-analysis. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Fourteen studies published in 27 reports were identified that examined independent living programs (ILPs) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095), intensive support services (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), coaching and peer support (C&amp;PSP) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), transitional housing (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091), health information or coaching (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092), and extended care (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092). All but one study was conducted in the United States. Twenty small meta-analyses were undertaken encompassing ILPs and C&amp;PSP, with two showing results that favored the intervention with certainty. The level of confidence in each meta-analysis was considered very low. A significant risk of bias was identified in each of the included studies. While some interventions showed promise, particularly extended care, the scope and strength of included evidence is insufficient to recommend any included approach.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241253041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T06:24:29Z","timestamp":1717395869000},"page":"3534-3554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Policies and Interventions that Improve Health, Psychosocial, and Economic Outcomes for Young People Leaving the Out-of-Home Care System"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Albers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Implementation, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence and Implementation, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Shlonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen S. H. (2019). The effect of aftercare on human capital acquisition among foster care alumni. Children and Youth Services Review 103 28\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.05.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balduzzi S. R\u00fccker G. Schwarzer G. (2019). How to perform a meta-analysis with R: A practical tutorial. Evidence-Based Mental Health 22(4) 153-160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beal S. J. Nause K. Lutz N. Greiner M. V. (2020). The impact of health care education on utilization among adolescents preparing for emancipation from foster care. Journal of Adolescent Health 66(6) 740\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.12.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m M. Cederblad M. H\u00e5kansson K. Jonsson A. K. Munthe C. Vinnerljung B. Wirtberg I. \u00d6stlund P. Sundell K. (2020). Interventions in foster family care: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice 30(1) 3\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731519832101","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731519832101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blakeslee J. E. Powers L. E. Geenen S. Schmidt J. Nelson M. Fullerton A. George K. McHugh E. Bryant M. (2020). Evaluating the my life self-determination model for older youth in foster care: Establishing efficacy and exploring moderation of response to intervention. Children and Youth Services Review 119 105419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braciszewski J. M. Tzilos Wernette G. K. Moore R. S. Bock B. C. Stout R. L. Chamberlain P. (2018). A pilot randomized controlled trial of a technology-based substance use intervention for youth exiting foster care. Children and Youth Services Review 94 466\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.08.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell M. McKenzie J. E. Sowden A. Katikireddi S. V. Brennan S. E. Ellis S. Hartmann-Boyce J. Ryan R. Shepperd S. Thomas J. Welch V. Thomson H. (2020). Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: Reporting guideline. BMJ 368 l6890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e9nat J. M. McIntee S.-E. Mukunzi J. N. Noorishad P.-G. (2021). Overrepresentation of Black children in the child welfare system: A systematic review to understand and better act. Children and Youth Services Review 120 105714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chorpita B. F. Daleiden E. L. Weisz J. R. (2005). Identifying and selecting the common elements of evidence based interventions: A distillation and matching model. Mental Health Services Research 7(1) 5\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11020-005-1962-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11020-005-1962-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge Academic.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Corporation for Digital Scholarship. (2022). Zotero. Corporation for Digital Scholarship. https:\/\/www.zotero.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney M. E. Hook J. L. (2017). The potential educational benefits of extending foster care to young adults: Findings from a natural experiment. Children and Youth Services Review 72 124\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.09.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.09.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Courtney M. E. Valentine E. J. Skemer M. (2019). Experimental evaluation of transitional living services for system-involved youth: Implications for policy and practice. Children and Youth Services Review 96 396\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"Courtney M. E. Zinn A. Johnson H. Malm K. E. (2011). Evaluation of the Massachusetts Adolescent Outreach Program for Youths in Intensive Foster Care: Final Report (OPRE Report #2011-14). Office of Planning Research and Evaluation Administration for Children and Families U.S. Department of Health and Human Services https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/opre\/report\/evaluation-massachusetts-adolescent-outreach-program-youths-intensive-foster-care-final"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Courtney M. E. Zinn A. Koralek A. Bess R. J. (2011). Evaluation of the Independent Living\u2014Employment Services program Kern county California: Final report (OPRE Report #2011-13). Office of Planning Research and Evaluation Administration for Children and Families U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/opre\/resource\/evaluation-of-the-independent-living-employment-services-program-kern"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Life Skills Training Program, Los Angeles county, California: Final report","author":"Courtney M. E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Courtney M. E., Zinn A., Zielewski E. H., Bess R. J., Malm K. E. (2008). Evaluation of the Life Skills Training Program, Los Angeles county, California: Final report. Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/opre\/report\/evaluation-life-skills-training-program-los-angeles-county-california-final-report"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Poster Presented at the American Statistical Association Conference on Statistical Practice","author":"Coxe S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coxe S. (2018). Effect size measures for nonlinear count regression models. Poster Presented at the American Statistical Association Conference on Statistical Practice, Portland OR."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cram F. Gulliver P. Ota R. Wilson M. (2015). Understanding overrepresentation of indigenous children in child welfare data: An application of the drake risk and bias models. Child Maltreatment 20(3) 170\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559515580392","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559515580392"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford B. Pharris A. B. Dorsett-Burrell R. (2018). Risk of serious criminal involvement among former foster youth aging out of care. Children and Youth Services Review 93 451\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.08.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donkoh C. Underhill K. Montgomery P. (2006). Independent living programmes for improving outcomes for young people leaving the care system. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 CD005558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005558.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005558.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyle J. J. (2007). Child protection and child outcomes: Measuring the effects of foster care. American Economic Review 97(5) 1583\u20131610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.97.5.1583","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1583"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dworsky A. Gitlow E. (2017). Employment outcomes of young parents who age out of foster care. Children and Youth Services Review 72 133\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.09.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.09.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dworsky A. Napolitano L. Courtney M. (2013). Homelessness during the transition from foster care to adulthood. American Journal of Public Health 103(SUPPL. 2) 318\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301455","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301455"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger M. Smith G. D. Schneider M. Minder C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test. BMJ 315 629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everson-Hock E. S. Jones R. Guillaume L. Clapton J. Duenas A. Goyder E. Chilcott J. Cooke J. Payne N. Sheppard L. M. Swann C. (2011). Supporting the transition of looked-after young people to independent living: A systematic review of interventions and adult outcomes. Child: Care Health and Development 37(6) 767\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01287.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01287.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowler P. J. Marcal K. E. Zhang J. Day O. Landsverk J. (2017). Homelessness and aging out of foster care: A national comparison of child welfare-involved adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review 77 27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.03.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garland A. F. Hawley K. M. Brookman-Frazee L. Hurlburt M. S. (2008). Identifying common elements of evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children\u2019s disruptive behavior problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47(5) 505\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816765c2","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816765c2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00056-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geenen S. Powers L. E. Phillips L. A. Nelson M. McKenna J. Winges-Yanez N. Blanchette L. Croskey A. Dalton L. D. Salazar A. Swank P. (2015). Better futures: A randomized field test of a model for supporting young people in foster care with mental health challenges to participate in higher education. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 42(2) 150\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-014-9451-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-014-9451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"After care: Essays on foster care alumni in young adulthood","author":"Gjertson L. M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gjertson L. M. (2016). After care: Essays on foster care alumni in young adulthood [Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/after-care-essays-on-foster-alumni-young\/docview\/1797944611\/se-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeno E. J. Lee B. R. Tuten M. Harburger D. (2019). Prevalence of substance use housing instability and self-perceived preparation for independence among current and former foster youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 36(4) 409\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-018-0568-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-018-0568-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeson J. K. P. Garcia A. R. Kim M. Courtney M. E. (2015). Foster youth and social support: The first RCT of independent living services. Research on Social Work Practice 25(3) 349\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731514534900","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731514534900"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeson J. K. P. Garcia A. R. Kim M. Thompson A. E. Courtney M. E. (2015). Development & maintenance of social support among aged out foster youth who received independent living services: Results from the multi-site evaluation of foster youth programs. Children and Youth Services Review 53 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.03.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeson J. K. P. Garcia A. R. Tan F. Chacon A. Ortiz A. J. (2020). Interventions for youth aging out of foster care: A state of the science review. Children and Youth Services Review 113 105005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guyatt G. H. Oxman A. D. Vist G. E. Kunz R. Falck-Ytter Y. Alonso-Coello P. Sch\u00fcnemann H. J. & for the GRADE Working Group. (2008). GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336(7650) 924\u2013926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gypen L. Vanderfaeillie J. De Maeyer S. Belenger L. Van Holen F. (2017). Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: Systematic-review. Children and Youth Services Review 76 74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.02.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddaway N. R. Page M. J. Pritchard C. C. McGuinness L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis. Campbell Systematic Reviews 18(2) e1230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cl2.1230","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggman-Laitila A. Salokekkil\u00e4 P. Karki S. (2020). Integrative review of the evaluation of additional support programs for care leavers making the transition to adulthood. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 54 63\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.05.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","volume-title":"Care leavers\u2019 transition into the labour market in England","author":"Harrison N.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrison N., Dixon J., Sanders-Ellis D., Ward J., Asker P. (2023). Care leavers\u2019 transition into the labour market in England. University of Oxford. https:\/\/www.education.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/CareLeaversLabourMarket.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerde J. A. Hemphill S. A. Scholes-Balog K. E. (2018). The impact of transitional programmes on post-transition outcomes for youth leaving out-of-home care: A meta-analysis. Health and Social Care in the Community 26(1) e15\u2013e30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.12348","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","unstructured":"Higgins J. P. T. Green S. Chandler J. Cumpston M. Li T. Page M. J. Welch V. A. (2022). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3. Cochrane. https:\/\/www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins J. P. T. Thompson S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 21(11) 1539\u20131558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1186","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoagwood K. E. Purtle J. Spandorfer J. Peth-Pierce R. Horwitz S. M. (2020). Aligning dissemination and implementation science with health policies to improve children\u2019s mental health. American Psychologist 75(8) 1130\u20131145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000706","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y. Ju E. Rosenberg R. Farmer E. M. Z. (2019). Estimating the effects of independent living services on educational attainment and employment of foster care youth. Children and Youth Services Review 96 294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. S. Courtney M. E. Hook J. L. (2012). Formal bonds during the transition to adulthood: Extended foster care support and criminal\/legal involvement. Journal of Public Child Welfare 6(3) 255\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548732.2012.683336","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2012.683336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. S. Courtney M. E. Tajima E. (2014). Extended foster care support during the transition to adulthood: Effect on the risk of arrest. Children and Youth Services Review 42 34\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","volume-title":"Impact evaluation of the True North program in Broward county, Florida","author":"Leip L. A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leip L. A. (2020). Impact evaluation of the True North program in Broward county, Florida. Office of Family Assistance, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ofa\/Childrens_Harbor_Impact_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim S. Singh T. P. Gwynn R. C. (2017). Impact of a supportive housing program on housing stability and sexually transmitted infections among young adults in New York city who were aging out of foster care. American Journal of Epidemiology 186(3) 297\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx046","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu C. Vazquez C. Jones K. Fong R. (2019). The impact of independent living programs on foster youths\u2019 educational outcomes: A scoping review. Children and Youth Services Review 98 213\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D. (2019). esc: Effect size computation for meta analysis (0.5.1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1249218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meadowcroft P. Townsend M. Z. Maxwell A. (2018). A sustainable alternative to the gold standard EBP: Validating existing programs. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 45(3) 421\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11414-018-9599-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-018-9599-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes P. Bollinger J. Flynn C. (2023). Young people transitioning from residential out-of-home care in Australia: The case for extended care. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth 40(3) 348\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0886571X.2022.2139330","DOI":"10.1080\/0886571X.2022.2139330"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes P. Rogers J. (2020). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care: What are the lessons from extended care programmes in the USA and England for Australia? British Journal of Social Work 50(5) 1513\u20131530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcaa028","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcaa028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","unstructured":"Miller M. Bales D. Hirsh M. (2020). Extended foster care in Washington state: Final report [Document Number 20-05-3201]. Washington State Institute for Public Policy. https:\/\/www.wsipp.wa.gov\/ReportFile\/1721\/Wsipp_Extended-Foster-Care-in-Washington-State-Final-Report_Report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naccarato T. DeLorenzo E. (2008). Transitional youth services: Practice implications from a systematic review. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 25(4) 287\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-008-0127-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-008-0127-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadon M. L. (2020). Making the transition: How asset building services can promote positive adult outcomes for foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review 115 105083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez M. Beal S. J. Jacquez F. (2022). Resilience factors in youth transitioning out of foster care: A systematic review. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 14(S1) S72\u2013S81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001096","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell R. Hatzikiriakidis K. Mendes P. Savaglio M. Green R. Kerridge G. Currie G. Skouteris H. (2020). The impact of transition interventions for young people leaving care: A review of the Australian evidence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 25(1) 1076\u20131088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673843.2020.1842216","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2020.1842216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/1939a9ec-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okpych N. J. Courtney M. E. (2020). The relationship between extended foster care and college outcomes for foster care alumni. Journal of Public Child Welfare 14(2) 254\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548732.2019.1608888","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2019.1608888"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pet\u00e4j\u00e4 U.-K. Terkamo-Moisio A. Karki S. H\u00e4ggman-Laitila A. (2022). The prevalence of high-risk behavior among adolescents in aftercare services and transitioning from out-of-home care: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review 8(3) 323\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40894-022-00198-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-022-00198-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powers L. E. Geenen S. Powers J. Pommier-Satya S. Turner A. Dalton L. D. Drummond D. Swank P. (2012). My life: Effects of a longitudinal randomized study of self-determination enhancement on the transition outcomes of youth in foster care and special education. Children and Youth Services Review 34(11) 2179\u20132187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.07.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randolph K. A. Thompson H. (2017). A systematic review of interventions to improve post-secondary educational outcomes among foster care alumni. Children and Youth Services Review 79 602\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.07.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rethlefsen M. L. Kirtley S. Waffenschmidt S. Ayala A. P. Moher D. Page M. J. Koffel J. B. & PRISMA-S Group (2021). PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 10(1) 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2021.962"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","unstructured":"Skemer M. Valentine E. J. (2016). Striving for independence: Two-year impact findings from the Youth Villages transitional living evaluation. MDRC. https:\/\/www.mdrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Youth%20Villages_2016_FR.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner G. C. M. Bywaters P. W. B. Kennedy E. (2023). A review of the relationship between poverty and child abuse and neglect: Insights from scoping reviews systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review 32(2) e2795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.2795","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2795"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein B. D. Zima B. T. Elliott M. N. Burnam M. A. Shahinfar A. Fox N. A. Leavitt L. A. (2001). Violence exposure among school-age children in foster care: Relationship to distress symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40(5) 588\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200105000-00019","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200105000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne J. A. C. Hern\u00e1n M. A. Reeves B. C. Savovi\u0107 J. Berkman N. D. Viswanathan M. Henry D. Altman D. G. Ansari M. T. Boutron I. Carpenter J. R. Chan A. W. Churchill R. Deeks J. J. Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. Kirkham J. J\u00fcni P. Loke Y. K. Pigott T. D. . . . Higgins J. P. T. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ (Online) 355 4\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne J. A. C. Savovi\u0107 J. Page M. J. Elbers R. G. Blencowe N. S. Boutron I. Cates C. J. Cheng H. Y. Corbett M. S. Eldridge S. M. Emberson J. R. Hern\u00e1n M. A. Hopewell S. Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. Junqueira D. R. J\u00fcni P. Kirkham J. J. Lasserson T. Li T. . . .Higgins J. P. T. (2019). RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strahl B. van Breda A. D. P. Mann-Feder V. Schr\u00f6er W. (2020). A multinational comparison of care-leaving policy and legislation. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 37(1) 34\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ics.2020.26","DOI":"10.1017\/ics.2020.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","volume-title":"St\u00f6d till unga som flyttar fr\u00e5n social dygnsv\u00e5rd: en systematisk \u00f6versikt. Statens beredning f\u00f6r medicinsk och social utv\u00e4rdering (SBU)","author":"Sundell K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sundell K., \u00c5str\u00f6m T., Jonsson A. K., H\u00e5kanson K., Tran\u00e6us S. (2020). St\u00f6d till unga som flyttar fr\u00e5n social dygnsv\u00e5rd: en systematisk \u00f6versikt. Statens beredning f\u00f6r medicinsk och social utv\u00e4rdering (SBU). https:\/\/www.sbu.se\/316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","volume-title":"Supplementary material for a systematic review and meta-analysis of policies and interventions that improve health, psychosocial and economic outcomes for young people leaving the out-of-home care system","author":"Taylor D. J. A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor D. J. A., Albers B., Mann G., Lewis J., Mendes P., Macdonald G., Shlonsky A. (2024). Supplementary material for a systematic review and meta-analysis of policies and interventions that improve health, psychosocial and economic outcomes for young people leaving the out-of-home care system. Github. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8128712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","unstructured":"Taylor D. J. A. Roberts J. Rose V. Gyani A. Harrigan S. Shlonsky A. (2020). Evaluation of the premier\u2019s youth initiative: Final report. Centre for Evidence and Implementation. https:\/\/www.facs.nsw.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0004\/803236\/evaluation-of-the-premiers-youth-initiative.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor D. J. A. Shlonsky A. Albers B. Chakraborty S. Lewis J. Mendes P. Macdonald G. Williams K. (2021). Protocol for a systematic review of policies programs or interventions designed to improve health and wellbeing of young people leaving the out-of-home care system. Systematic Reviews 10(1) 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","author":"The EndNote Team","year":"2013","unstructured":"The EndNote Team. (2013). Endnote. EndNote X9.","journal-title":"Endnote. EndNote X9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tilbury C. (2009). The over-representation of indigenous children in the Australian child welfare system. International Journal of Social Welfare 18(1) 57\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2397.2008.00577.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2397.2008.00577.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","volume-title":"Becoming adults: One-year impact findings from the Youth Villages Transitional Living Evaluation","author":"Valentine E. J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valentine E. J., Skemer V. M., Courtney M. E. (2015). Becoming adults: One-year impact findings from the Youth Villages Transitional Living Evaluation. MDRC. https:\/\/www.mdrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Becoming_Adults_FR.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Breda A. D. Munro E. R. Gilligan R. Anghel R. Harder A. Incarnato M. Mann-Feder V. Refaeli T. Stohler R. Stor\u00f8 J. (2020). Extended care: Global dialogue on policy practice and research. Children and Youth Services Review 119 105596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","author":"Veritas Health Innovation","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. (n.d.). Covidence systematic review software.","journal-title":"Covidence systematic review software"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodgate R. L. Morakinyo O. Martin K. M. (2017). Interventions for youth aging out of care: A scoping review. Children and Youth Services Review 82 280\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.09.031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yelick A. (2017). Research review: Independent living programmes: The influence on youth ageing out of care (YAO). Child & Family Social Work 22(1) 515\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cfs.12208","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanti S. Thomas M. L. (2021). Evidence-based policymaking: What human service agencies can learn from implementation science and integrated data systems. Global Implementation Research and Applications 1(4) 304\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43477-021-00028-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s43477-021-00028-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zinn A. Courtney M. E. (2017). Helping foster youth find a job: A random-assignment evaluation of an employment assistance programme for emancipating youth. Child and Family Social Work 22(1) 155\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cfs.12212","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuchowski I. Miles D. Woods C. Tsey K. (2019). Continuous quality improvement processes in child protection: A systematic literature review. Research on Social Work Practice 29(4) 389\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731517743337","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731517743337"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241253041","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380241253041","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241253041","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:38:35Z","timestamp":1777703915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380241253041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380241253041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241253041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}}}