{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T18:12:55Z","timestamp":1783275175990,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe Violence Sexuelle et Sant\u00e9","award":["134435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["134435"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Past studies have highlighted the lack of independent formal complaint mechanisms as one of the most significant barriers to reporting interpersonal violence (IV) in sport. Some countries have since implemented complaint mechanisms specific to sport settings. Evaluations of similar mechanisms in other sectors could inform the development and implementation of complaint mechanisms for IV in sport. This rapid review included studies inside and outside the sport context to document the characteristics of complaint mechanisms of IV, barriers or limitations related to such mechanisms, and recommendations resulting from their evaluation. Following the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Interim Guidance, six databases were searched for peer-reviewed references in English or French, published between 2012 and 2022, and pertaining to the evaluation of formal reporting mechanisms of IV. The 35 references covered mechanisms mainly targeting IV in general (any type) or sexual violence specifically. Complaint mechanisms varied in scope and as a function of their setting, including work, university, military, and medical. We identified barriers and limitations concerning fear of consequences, lack of knowledge, lack of efficiency, lack of trust, and unsupportive culture. Finally, we documented 18 recommendations to improve complaint mechanisms of IV, spanning four categories: (a) organizational accountability, (b) awareness and accessibility, (c) adapted process, and (d) ongoing evaluation. This rapid review draws recommendations from various research disciplines and types of mechanisms to offer a comprehensive portrait of best practices. The findings show that numerous aspects of complaint mechanisms at multiple levels should be considered when developing and implementing complaint mechanisms of IV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241253822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T08:27:03Z","timestamp":1717057623000},"page":"3488-3503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Rapid Review on Complaint Mechanisms for Interpersonal Violence: Integrating Research-Based Recommendations from Multiple Sectors to Inform Sport Settings"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0916-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Radziszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Violence Sexuelle et Sant\u00e9 (\u00c9VISSA), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Violence Sexuelle et Sant\u00e9 (\u00c9VISSA), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"St-Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9655-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle V.","family":"Daignault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Violence Sexuelle et Sant\u00e9 (\u00c9VISSA), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"International Research Network on Violence and Integrity in Sport (IRNOVIS), Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Monr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4531-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martine","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair in Security and Integrity in Sport, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Violence Sexuelle et Sant\u00e9 (\u00c9VISSA), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Baril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse (CRIPCAS), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9quipe Violence Sexuelle et Sant\u00e9 (\u00c9VISSA), Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural and sport-related barriers to formally reporting sexual violence among undergraduate student-athletes","author":"Adhia A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adhia A., Ellyson A. M., Mustafa A., Conrick K. M., Kroshus E. (2023). Structural and sport-related barriers to formally reporting sexual violence among undergraduate student-athletes. Journal of Family Violence, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017697312"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2492"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Building a climate that supports and protects mandated reporters: School principals and their perceived roles and policies and procedures in K-8 schools","author":"*Bartucci G. T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"*Bartucci G. T. (2012). Building a climate that supports and protects mandated reporters: School principals and their perceived roles and policies and procedures in K-8 schools (Publication No. 3526256) [Doctoral dissertation, Loyola University Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Bj\u00f8rkelo B. Thorsen C. D\u2019Cruz P. Mikkelsen E. G. (2021). Whistleblowing and bullying at work: The role of leaders. In D\u2019Cruz P. Noronha E. Keashly L. Tye-Williams S. (Eds.) Handbooks of workplace bullying emotional abuse and harassment: Special topics and particular occupations professions and sectors (pp. 75\u2013108). Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5308-5_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1477222"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203478936"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Burke A. (2023 December). Federal government launching commission to probe systemic abuse in sport. CBC News. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/politics\/ottawa-independent-mechanism-review-abuse-canadian-sport-1.7054257"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079920910758"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/PR-04-2015-0107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071909850"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","unstructured":"Child Protection in Sport Unit. (2023). Deal with a concern. https:\/\/thecpsu.org.uk\/help-advice\/deal-with-a-concern\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2018.1478170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2023.2233433"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software Veritas Health Innovation Melbourne Australia. Available at www.covidence.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2018.1507891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221148216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"The chilling climate: Stakeholder perspectives of sexual assault reporting procedures on the college campus","author":"*D\u2019Antuono H. A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"*D\u2019Antuono H. A. (2021). The chilling climate: Stakeholder perspectives of sexual assault reporting procedures on the college campus (Publication No. 28546744) [Doctoral dissertation, Johnson & Wales University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"The cost of gold: How generalized whistleblowing policies are failing athletes","volume":"32","author":"*Davis H. M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Davis H. M. (2021). The cost of gold: How generalized whistleblowing policies are failing athletes. Marquette Sports Law Review, 32(1), 305\u2013316.","journal-title":"Marquette Sports Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","volume-title":"K-12 educators\u2019 perceptions of the mandated reporting process for child maltreatment","author":"*Donaldson L. A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"*Donaldson L. A. (2019). K-12 educators\u2019 perceptions of the mandated reporting process for child maltreatment (Publication No. 27547017) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","volume-title":"Non reporting of sexual victimization in male prisoners","author":"*Elliott C. D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"*Elliott C. D. (2022). Non reporting of sexual victimization in male prisoners (Publication No. 29254590) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1578-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215613854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bja.2017.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.630071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","unstructured":"Hall M. (2023 January). \u201cTip of the iceberg\u201d: Why abuse in Canadian sport is worse than it seems. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/sport\/2023\/jan\/27\/abuse-canada-sport-inquiry-hockey-gymnastics-soccer"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02614367.2018.1497076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Safeguarding, child protection and abuse in sport: International perspectives in research, policy and practice","author":"Hartill M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hartill M., O\u2019Gorman J. (2014). Evaluation in safeguarding and child protection in sport. In Lang M., Hartill M. (Eds.), Safeguarding, child protection and abuse in sport: International perspectives in research, policy and practice (pp. 181\u2013191). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","volume-title":"CASES: Child abuse in sport: European Statistics \u2013 Project Report","author":"Hartill M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartill M., Rulofs B., Lang M., Vertommen T., Allroggen M., Cirera E., Diketmueller R., Kampen J., Kohl A., Martin M., Nanu I., Neeten M., Sage D., Stativa E. (2021). CASES: Child abuse in sport: European Statistics \u2013 Project Report. Edge Hill University."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Blown coverage: Tackling the law\u2019s failure to protect athlete-whistleblowers","volume":"14","author":"*Hermandorfer W. D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"*Hermandorfer W. D. (2015). Blown coverage: Tackling the law\u2019s failure to protect athlete-whistleblowers. Virginia Sports & Entertainment Law Journal, 14(2), 250\u2013276.","journal-title":"Virginia Sports & Entertainment Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2018","author":"Hong Q. N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hong Q. N., Pluye P., F\u00e0bregues S., Bartlett G., Boardman F., Cargo M., Dagenais P., Gagnon M.-P., Griffiths F., Nicolau B., O\u2019Cathain A., Rousseau M.-C., Vedel I. (2018). Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2018. Registration of Copyright (#1148552), Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2019.1574945"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/wspaj.2019-0049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003035138-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci9050068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","volume-title":"Public sector whistle-blowing: The roles of structure, representation, and management","author":"*Kim S. Y.","year":"2017","unstructured":"*Kim S. Y. (2017). Public sector whistle-blowing: The roles of structure, representation, and management (Publication No. 10288429) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2012-201329"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2013.769260"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","volume-title":"\u201cSupportive or corrosive:\u201d Can a university\u2019s Title IX website design impact reporting of sexual violence? A mixed methods design","author":"*Licciardi B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"*Licciardi B. (2022). \u201cSupportive or corrosive:\u201d Can a university\u2019s Title IX website design impact reporting of sexual violence? A mixed methods design (Publication No. 29260243) [Doctoral dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Whistleblowing in organizations: A logit analysis of litigated cases","volume":"17","author":"*Lopez Y. P.","year":"2013","unstructured":"*Lopez Y. P., Lavan H., Katz M. (2013). Whistleblowing in organizations: A logit analysis of litigated cases. Journal of Workplace Rights, 17(3\/4), 283\u2013302.","journal-title":"Journal of Workplace Rights"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","volume-title":"Sexual assault complaint management from the perspectives of ex-military air force leaders","author":"*Macaraeg A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"*Macaraeg A. (2016). Sexual assault complaint management from the perspectives of ex-military air force leaders (Publication No. 10140159) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11070310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","author":"*Martin C. M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"*Martin C. M. (2022). An exploration of fairness, judicial independence and employee protections (Publication No. 29390771) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.","journal-title":"An exploration of fairness, judicial independence and employee protections"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","volume-title":"Final report on independent approaches to administer the Universal code of conduct to prevent and address maltreatment in sport in Canada","author":"McLaren R. H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"McLaren R. H., Copeland B., Tesic D. (2020). Final report on independent approaches to administer the Universal code of conduct to prevent and address maltreatment in sport in Canada. McLaren Global Sports Solutions."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013942","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013942","article-title":"Mandated reporters\u2019 experiences with reporting child maltreatment: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies","volume":"7","author":"*McTavish J. R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"*McTavish J. R., Kimber M., Devries K., Colombini M., MacGregor J. C. D., Wathen C. N., Agarwal A., MacMillan H. L. (2017). Mandated reporters\u2019 experiences with reporting child maltreatment: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMJ Open, 7(10), e013942.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219889173"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","volume-title":"Leaders\u2019 perceptions of the sexual misconduct reporting system in the military","author":"*Mincey C. E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"*Mincey C. E. (2019). Leaders\u2019 perceptions of the sexual misconduct reporting system in the military (Publication No. 13423123) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000761408.00294.8e"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2022.102177"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","unstructured":"Office of the Sport Integrity Commissioner. (2022a). Home. https:\/\/sportintegritycommissioner.ca\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","unstructured":"Office of the Sport Integrity Commissioner. (2022b). Statistics. https:\/\/sportintegritycommissioner.ca\/statistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","volume-title":"The lived experiences of middle school counselors in reporting abuse and neglect to Child Protective Services: A phenomenological study","author":"*Oloumi-Johnson R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"*Oloumi-Johnson R. (2016). The lived experiences of middle school counselors in reporting abuse and neglect to Child Protective Services: A phenomenological study (Publication No. 10307713) [Doctoral dissertation, Sam Houston State University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page M. J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page M. J., McKenzie J. E., Bossuyt P. M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T. C., Mulrow C. D, Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J. M., Akl E. A., Brennan S. E., Chou R., Glanville J., Grimshaw J. M., Hr\u00f3bjartsson A., Lalu M. M., Li T., Loder E. W., Mayo-Wilson E., McDonale S., . . . Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221114155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193723520973571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01937235211043652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","unstructured":"Parlow Cone C. (2023 October). SafeSport is supposed to protect athletes. Its shortcomings leave them at risk of sexual abuse. USA Today. https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/opinion\/2023\/10\/09\/protect-athletes-sexual-abuse-congress-reform-safesport\/71041650007\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","unstructured":"Popay J. Roberts H. Sowden A. Petticrew M. Arai L. Rodgers M. Britten N. Roen K. Duffy S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. A product from the ESRC Methods Programme (Version 1). https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ed8b23836338f6fdea0cc55e161b0fc5805f9e27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000316"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smr.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","volume-title":"Evaluation: A systematic approach","author":"Rossi P. H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rossi P. H., Lipsey M. W., Freeman H. E. (2004). Evaluation: A systematic approach (7th ed). SAGE.","edition":"7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22454\/FamMed.2021.808187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci12040244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2011.608044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1936724412462340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2015.1084072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1168423"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","unstructured":"Sport and Recreation Complaints and Mediation Service. (2023). Sport and recreation complaints and mediation service. https:\/\/www.sportsmediationservice.org.nz\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","unstructured":"Sport Integrity Australia. (2023). Report now. https:\/\/www.sportintegrity.gov.au\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","unstructured":"Standing Committee on the Status of Women. (2023 June). Time to listen to survivors: Taking action towards creating a safe sport environment for all athletes in Canada. Report presented to 44th Parliament 1st session. https:\/\/www.ourcommons.ca\/documentviewer\/en\/44-1\/FEWO\/report-7\/page-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838017721245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment: Dignity and inclusion at work","author":"*Thompson N.","year":"2021","unstructured":"*Thompson N., Catley B. (2021). Managing workplace bullying complaints: Conceptual influences and the effects of contextual factors. In D\u2019Cruz P., Noronha E., Keashly L., Tye-Williams S. (Eds.) Handbooks of workplace bullying, emotional abuse and harassment: Dignity and inclusion at work (pp. 109\u2013145). Springer Nature Singapore."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2022.2100026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907247"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","volume-title":"Beyond Title IX: Exploring justice for survivors\/victims of campus sexual assault","author":"*Ullman C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"*Ullman C. (2019). Beyond Title IX: Exploring justice for survivors\/victims of campus sexual assault (Publication No. 13809931) [Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","volume-title":"Emotional & physical abuse & misconduct toolkit","author":"U.S. Center for SafeSport","year":"2022","unstructured":"U.S. Center for SafeSport. (2022). Emotional & physical abuse & misconduct toolkit. Author."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","unstructured":"U.S. Soccer. (2023 September). U.S. Soccer provides update on its participant safety efforts. https:\/\/www.ussoccer.com\/stories\/2023\/09\/us-soccer-provides-update-on-its-participant-safety-efforts"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.862220"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1012690213498079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2008.04730.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_1","volume-title":"Exploring the prevalence of maltreatment amongst Canadian national team athletes","author":"Willson E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willson E. (2019). Exploring the prevalence of maltreatment amongst Canadian national team athletes (Publication No. 27541232) [Master Thesis, University of Toronto]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.840221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2023.2268555"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_1","unstructured":"Yates S. Q. (2022 October). Report of the independent investigation to the U.S. Soccer Federation concerning allegations of abusive behavior and sexual misconduct in women\u2019s professional soccer. King & Spalding. https:\/\/www.kslaw.com\/attachments\/000\/009\/931\/original\/King___Spalding_-_Full_Report_to_USSF.pdf?1664809048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14544"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241253822","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380241253822","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241253822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:38:37Z","timestamp":1777703917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380241253822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380241253822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241253822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]}}}