{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:37:20Z","timestamp":1793162240669,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015386","name":"uniwersytet \u015bl\u0105ski w katowicach","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rape myths are social constructs, deeply rooted in European society. They play a role in maintaining false beliefs about sexual violence and are one of the main factors in sexual abuse behavior. In this review article, the authors focused on the factors influencing the perpetuation and spread of false beliefs regarding sexual violence, its victims, and perpetrators. The goal of the study is to achieve a more profound comprehension of the cultural and social dimensions linked to this occurrence. In conducting the systematic literature review, three databases have been used to search for pertinent articles: ProQuest, Scopus, and ERIH Plus. Only peer-reviewed scientific articles in English published between 2013 and 2023 were deemed eligible. Furthermore, inclusion criteria stipulated that articles must present empirical research of European origin, focusing on the keywords: \u201cmyths about rape,\u201d \u201cmyths about sexual violence,\u201d and \u201cmyths about rape.\u201d In total 2,507 articles were initially identified, with 79 ultimately meeting the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed the presence of several factors influencing the function of rape myths. These were categorized into sociodemographic, individual, and systemic. The general populace of European society commonly holds beliefs in rape myths. Moreover, numerous studies point to large legal and systemic inequalities that lead to social inequalities and, consequently, to the perpetuation of rape culture through victimization and victim blaming. This review demonstrates the need for future research on sex education as a factor in preventing rape myths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241271387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1727360260000},"page":"4277-4293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Factors Behind Contemporary Rape Myths in Europe: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Hy\u017cy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3962-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Mitka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrams D. Viki G. T. Masser B. Bohner G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84(1) 111\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.11","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams R. J. Smart P. Sigismund H. (2017). Shades of grey: Guidelines for working with the grey literature in systematic reviews for management and organizational studies. International Journal of Management Reviews 19(4) 432\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijmr.12102","DOI":"10.1111\/ijmr.12102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Addabbo T. Naciti V. Noto G. Vermiglio C. (2020). Budgeting for gender equality in Research Performing Organizations. Politica Economica 36(3) 417\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1429\/100371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adolfsson K. Str\u00f6mwall L. A. (2017). Situational variables or beliefs? A multifaceted approach to understanding blame attributions. Psychology Crime & Law 23(6) 527\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2017.1290236","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2017.1290236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adolfsson K. Str\u00f6mwall L. A. Landstr\u00f6m S. (2017). Blame attributions in multiple perpetrator rape cases: The impact of sympathy consent force and beliefs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35(23\u201324) 5336\u20135364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517721171","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517721171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allwood G. (2020). Gender equality in European Union development policy in times of crisis. Political Studies Review 18(3) 329\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1478929919863224","DOI":"10.1177\/1478929919863224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvinius A. Holmberg A. (2019). Silence-breaking butterfly effect: Resistance towards the military within #MeToo. Gender Work & Organization 26 1255\u20131270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gwao.12349","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anyadike-Danes N. Reynolds M. Armour C. Lagdon S. (2024). Defining and measuring sexual consent within the context of university students\u2019 unwanted and nonconsensual sexual experiences: A systematic literature review. Trauma Violence & Abuse 25(1) 231\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221147558","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221147558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barone C. Assirelli G. (2019). Gender segregation in higher education: An empirical test of seven explanations. Higher Education 79 55\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-019-00396-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10734-019-00396-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevens C. L. Brown A. L. Loughnan S. (2018). The role of self-objectification and women\u2019s blame sympathy and support for a rape victim. PLoS One 13(6) e0199808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhogal M. S. Corbett S. (2016). The influence of aggressiveness on rape-myth acceptance among university students. Psychiatry Psychology and Law 23(5) 709\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13218719.2016.1142931","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2016.1142931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","volume-title":"Vergewaltigungsmythen: Sozialpsychologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber t\u00e4terentlastende und opferfeindliche \u00dcberzeugungen im Bereich sexueller Gewalt Landau","author":"Bohner G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bohner G. (1998) Vergewaltigungsmythen: Sozialpsychologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber t\u00e4terentlastende und opferfeindliche \u00dcberzeugungen im Bereich sexueller Gewalt Landau. Verlag empirische P\u00e4dagogik."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Bohner G. Schapansky E. (2018). Law students\u2019 judgments of a rape victim\u2019s statement: The role of displays of emotion and acceptance of sexual aggression myths. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 12 635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4119\/ijcv-3113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohner G. Weiss A. Schirch C. Z\u00f6llner L. Lipi\u0144ska A. Sempere M.-J. Meg\u00edas J. L. (2022). AMMSA-21: A revised version of the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale in English German Polish and Spanish (AMMSA-21: Una Versi\u00f3n Revisada de la Escala Aceptaci\u00f3n de mitos modernos sobre la agresi\u00f3n sexual en ingl\u00e9s Alem\u00e1n polaco y espa\u00f1ol). International Journal of Social Psychology 37(3) 460\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02134748.2022.2083291","DOI":"10.1080\/02134748.2022.2083291"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Female undergraduates playing it \u2018Safe\u2019 to Stay \u2018Safe\u2019: Further understanding sexual violence against women","volume":"23","author":"Bovill H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bovill H., McCartan K., Waller R. (2022). Female undergraduates playing it \u2018Safe\u2019 to Stay \u2018Safe\u2019: Further understanding sexual violence against women. Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies, 23(1), 192\u2013207.","journal-title":"Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewer G. Forrest-Redfern A. (2022). Attachment anxiety rape myth acceptance and sexual compliance. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(7-8) NP4626-NP4639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520948526","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520948526"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooker P. Butler C. (2021). Rape myths in practice: The everyday work of accounting for rape survivors. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8(1) 299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-021-00964-x","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00964-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown H. L. Tzani C. Fumagalli A. Reynolds A. L. Williams T. J. (2022). Prison officers\u2019 perceptions of prisoner male rape victims in England and Wales. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 38(4) 931\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-022-09545-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11896-022-09545-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","volume-title":"Against our will: Men, women, and rape","author":"Brownmiller S.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Brownmiller S. (1975). Against our will: Men, women, and rape. Penguin Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Confronting rape and sexual assault","author":"Burt M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Burt M. (1980). Rape myths. In Odem M. E., Clay-Warner J. (Eds.), Confronting rape and sexual assault (pp. 129\u2013144). Scholarly Resources."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canto J. M. Vallejo-Mart\u00edn M. Perles F. San Mart\u00edn J. (2020). The influence of ideological variables in the denial of violence against women: The role of sexism and social dominance orientation in the Spanish context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(14) 4934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17144934","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapleau K. Oswald D. Russel B. (2007). How ambivalent sexism towards women and men support rape myth acceptance. Sex Roles 57 131\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-007-9196-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-007-9196-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Constantinou A. G. Butorac K. (2023). Rape myth acceptance among Croatian and Cypriot police officers. Criminology & Criminal Justice 0(o). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17488958231160251","DOI":"10.1177\/17488958231160251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies K. Spence R. Cummings E. Cross M. Horvath M. A. (2022). Understanding sexual violence and factors related to police outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology 13 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.977318","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.977318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies M. Gilston J. Rogers P. (2012). Examining the relationship between male rape myth acceptance female rape myth acceptance victim blame homophobia gender roles and ambivalent sexism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27(14) 2807\u20132823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260512438281","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512438281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawtry R. J. Cozzolino P. J. Callan M. J. (2019). I blame therefore it was: Rape myth acceptance victim blaming and memory reconstruction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45(8) 1269\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167218818475","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167218818475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debowska A. Boduszek D. Dhingra K. DeLisi M. (2016). The effect of male incarceration on rape myth acceptance: Application of propensity score matching technique. Deviant Behavior 37(6) 634\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2015.1060805","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2015.1060805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dekker A. Wenzlaff F. Daubmann A. Pinnschmidt H. O. Briken P. (2019). (don\u2019t) look at me! how the assumed consensual or non-consensual distribution affects perception and evaluation of sexting images. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8(5) 706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8050706","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira L. Carmo E. Cardoso D. Braz\u00e3o N. Viegas M. Vespasiano R. Carvalho J. (2023). A qualitative study on university students\u2019 perceptions regarding sexual violence perpetrated by women against men. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 21(1) 446\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-023-00880-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-023-00880-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Social policy in the European Union: State of play 2022: Policymaking in a permacrisis","author":"Debusscher P.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debusscher P. (2023). The EU Gender Equality Strategy 2020\u20132025: The beginning of a new season? In Vanhercke B., Sabato S., Spasova S. (Eds.), Social policy in the European Union: State of play 2022: Policymaking in a permacrisis (pp. 91\u2013110). ETUI; OSE."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diehl C. Glaser T. Bohner G. (2014). Face the consequences: Learning about victim\u2019s suffering reduces sexual harassment myth acceptance and men\u2019s likelihood to sexually harass. Aggressive Behavior 40(6) 489\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.21553","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Don\u00e0 A. (2022). Gender equality in the Italian Recovery and Resilience Plan: The depoliticizing effects of the technocratic Draghi government. Contemporary Italian Politics 14(4) 458\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23248823.2022.2132904","DOI":"10.1080\/23248823.2022.2132904"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duff S. Tostevin A. (2015). Effects of gender rape myth acceptance and perpetrator occupation on perceptions of rape. Journal of Criminal Psychology 5(4) 249\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jcp-12-2014-0019","DOI":"10.1108\/JCP-12-2014-0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n M. Moya M. Meg\u00edas J. L. Viki G. T. (2010). Social perception of rape victims in dating and married relationships: The role of perpetrator\u2019s benevolent sexism. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research 62(7\u20138) 505\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-009-9676-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-009-9676-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards K. M. Turchik J. T. Dardis T. Reynolds N. Gidycz C. A. (2011). Rape myths: History individual and institutional-level presence and implications for change. Sex Roles 65 761\u2013773 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-011-9943-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-011-9943-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2017.1361618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Theories of rape: Inquiries into the causes of sexual aggression","author":"Ellis L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ellis L. (1989). Theories of rape: Inquiries into the causes of sexual aggression. Hemisphere Publishing Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","unstructured":"European Commission. (2020). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament the Council the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A union of equality: Gender equality strategy 2020\u20132025. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","unstructured":"European Commission Directorate-General for Justice. (2010). Feasibility study to assess the possibilities opportunities and needs to standardise national legislation on violence against women violence against children and sexual orientation violence. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2758\/3026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","unstructured":"European Commission Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers. (2022). Study to support the impact assessment on preventing and combatting violence against women and domestic violence. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2838\/742767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","unstructured":"European Institute for Gender Equality. (2023). Understanding psychological violence against women: The need for harmonised definitions and data in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2839\/482587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","unstructured":"European Institute for Gender Equality; Barbieri D. Bernardo C. Eldermans E. (2023). Gender Equality Index 2023 : Towards a green transition in transport and energy Publications Office of the European Union. https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2839\/64810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evernden Z. Hales S. T. Gannon T. A. Best K. Pellatt-Higgins T. (2021). Do community females display a propensity towards sexual aggression? An empirical assessment of prevalence and psychological predictors. Psychology Crime & Law 29(1) 56\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2021.1999948","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2021.1999948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e1vero M. Del Campo A. Faria S. Moreira D. Ribeiro F. Sousa-Gomes V. (2022). Rape myth acceptance of police officers in Portugal. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(1\u20132) 659\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520916282","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520916282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenton R. Jones C. (2017). An exploratory study on the beliefs about gender-based violence held by incoming undergraduates in England. Journal of Gender-Based Violence 1(2) 147\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/239868017x15090095609822","DOI":"10.1332\/239868017X15090095609822"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fuertes A. A. Fern\u00e1ndez-Rouco N. L\u00e1zaro-Visa S. G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez E. (2020). Myths about sexual aggression sexual assertiveness and sexual violence in adolescent romantic relationships. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(23) 8744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17238744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238744"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher W. A. Barak A. (1991). Pornography erotica and behavior: More questions than answers. International Journal Law Psychiatry 14(1\u20132) 65\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0160-2527(91)90025-i","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2527(91)90025-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gainsbury A. N. Fenton R. A. Jones C. A. (2020). From campus to communities: Evaluation of the first UK-based Bystander Programme for the prevention of domestic violence and abuse in general communities. BMC Public Health 20(1) 674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08519-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08519-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garza A. D. Franklin C. A. (2021). The effect of rape myth endorsement on police response to sexual assault survivors. Violence Against Women 27(3\u20134) 552\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801220911460","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220911460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gekoski A. Massey K. Allen K. Ferreira J. Dalton C. T. Horvath M. Davies K. (2023). \u201cA lot of the time it\u2019s dealing with victims who don\u2019t want to know it\u2019s all made up or they\u2019ve got mental health\u201d: Rape myths in a large English police force. International Review of Victimology 30(1) 3\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02697580221142891","DOI":"10.1177\/02697580221142891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman-Delahunty J. Graham K. (2011). The influence of victim intoxication and victim attire on police responses to sexual assault. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 8 22\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jip.12","DOI":"10.1002\/jip.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grubb A. Harrower J. (2008). Attribution of blame in cases of rape: An analysis of participant gender type of rape and perceived similarity to the victim. Aggression and Violent Behavior 13(5) 396\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2008.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halicki K. T. Hauser R. W\u00e4nke M. (2023). When she is standing left she might be blamed. Responsibility attribution for sexualized violence moderated by rape myth acceptance and benevolent sexism. Violence Against Women 29(2) 300\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012221108420","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221108420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammond L. Ioannou M. Fewster M. (2016). Perceptions of male rape and sexual assault in a male sample from the United Kingdom: Barriers to reporting and the impacts of victimization. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 14(2) 133\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jip.1462","DOI":"10.1002\/jip.1462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","unstructured":"Hantzi A. Efthymios L. Katerina T. Bohner G. (2016). Validation of the Greek Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) scale: Examining its relationships with sexist and conservative political beliefs. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 9(1) 121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4119\/ijcv-3072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hills P. J. Pleva M. Seib E. et al. (2021). Understanding how University students use perceptions of consent wantedness and pleasure in labeling rape. Archives of Sexual Behavior 50 247\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-020-01772-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01772-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hine B. Murphy A. (2017). The impact of victim-perpetrator relationship reputation and initial point of resistance on officers\u2019 responsibility and authenticity ratings towards hypothetical rape cases. Journal of Criminal Justice 49 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2017.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hine B. Murphy A. (2019). The influence of \u201chigh\u201d vs. \u201clow\u201d rape myth acceptance on police officers\u2019 judgements of victim and perpetrator responsibility and rape authenticity. Journal of Criminal Justice 60 100\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid A. (2015). Police responses to and attitudes towards male rape: Issues and concerns. International Journal of Police Science & Management 17(2) 81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461355715580914","DOI":"10.1177\/1461355715580914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid A. (2017). \u2018Walking on egg shells\u2019: Policing sexual offences against men. The Police Journal 90(3) 228\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0032258X16677357","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X16677357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid A. (2018). The invisible the alien and the marginal: Social and cultural constructions of male rape in voluntary agencies. International Review of Victimology 25(1) 107\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269758017745614","DOI":"10.1177\/0269758017745614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid A. (2019a). What support? Foucault power and the construction of rape. Qualitative Sociology Review 15(1) 36\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18778\/1733-8077.15.1.02","DOI":"10.18778\/1733-8077.15.1.02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaid A. (2019b). The invisible the alien and the marginal: Social and cultural constructions of male rape in voluntary agencies. International Review of Victimology 25(1) 107\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269758017745614","DOI":"10.1177\/0269758017745614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jewkes R. Morrell R. Hearn J. Lundqvist E. Blackbeard D. Lindegger G. Quayle M. Sikweyiya Y. Gottz\u00e9n L. (2015). Hegemonic masculinity: Combining theory and practice in gender interventions. Culture Health & Sexuality 17(Suppl 2) 96\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2015.1085094","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2015.1085094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson M. Johansson K. Andersson E. (2018). #MeToo in the Swedish forest sector: Testimonies from harassed women on sexualised forms of male control. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 33(5) 419\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02827581.2018.1474248","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2018.1474248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jost J. T. Banaji M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology 33 1\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00024.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krah\u00e9 B. Temkin J. Bieneck S. Berger A. (2008). Prospective lawyers\u2019 rape stereotypes and schematic decision making about rape cases. Psychology Crime & Law 14 461\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10683160801932380","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160801932380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leon C. M. Rollero C. (2021). The role of ambivalent sexism punitiveness and ability to recognize violence in the perception of sex offenders: A gender-perspective analysis. Sexes 2(4) 495\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sexes2040039","DOI":"10.3390\/sexes2040039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerner M. J. Matthews G. (1967). Reactions to suffering of others under conditions of indirect responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5(3) 319\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0024304","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linhares L. V. Torres A. R. (2022). She deserved it: Analysis of variables that influence the accountability of victims of sexual violence. Acta Colombiana de Psicolog\u00eda 25(1) 218\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14718\/ACP.2022.25.1.14","DOI":"10.14718\/ACP.2022.25.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linz D. Donnerstein E. Penrod S. (1987). The findings and recommendations of the Attorney General\u2019s Commission on pornography: Do the psychological \u201cfacts\u201d fit the political fury? American Psychologist 42(10) 946\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066x.42.10.946","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.42.10.946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119439325.ch22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longpr\u00e9 N. Guay J. P. Knight R. A. Benbouriche M. (2018). Sadistic offender or sexual sadism? Taxometric evidence for a dimensional structure of sexual sadism. Archives of Sexual Behavior 47(2) 403\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-017-1068-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1068-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longpr\u00e9 N. Moreton R. E. Snow E. J. Kiszel F. Fitzsimons M. A. (2022). Dark traits harassment and rape myths acceptances among university students. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 0(0). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X221139037","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X221139037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lonsway K. A. Fitzgerald L. F. (1994). Rape myths. In review. Psychology of Women Quarterly 18 133\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141y\u015b A. E. Studzi\u0144ska A. Bargiel-Matusiewicz K. (2021). Beliefs on sexual violence in the context of system justification theory: The role of hostile sexism and beliefs in biological origins of gender differences. Social Justice Research 34(3) 235\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11211-021-00373-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-021-00373-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141y\u015b A. E. Studzi\u0144ska A. Bargiel-Matusiewicz K. Ny\u00fal B. Folkierska-\u017bukowska M. (2022). Myths concerning Sexual Violence Toward Women in Poland Hungary and Norway in the Context of System Justification Theory: The Role of Beliefs in the Biological Origins of Gender Differences and Ambivalent Sexism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(17-18) NP16647-NP16669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211023487","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211023487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes C. Schreurs L. van Oosten J. M. F. Vandenbosch L. (2019). #(ME)too much? the role of sexualizing online media in adolescents\u2019 resistance towards the metoo-movement and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Adolescence 77(1) 59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.10.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2019.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahalik J. R. Burns S. M. Syzdek M. (2007). Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men\u2019s health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine 64 2201\u20132209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiorano N. Travers \u00c1. Valli\u00e8res F. (2023). The Relationship Between Rape Myths Revictimization by Law Enforcement and Well-Being for Victims of Sexual Assault. Violence Against Women 29(14) 2873\u20132890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012231196056","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231196056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini M. De Piccoli N. (2020a). Evaluation of USVREACT: A staff training program to prevent sexual violence at universities. Health Education & Behavior 48(4) 507\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1090198120939487","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198120939487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini M. De Piccoli N. (2020b). Predicting bystander intention to intervene: The role of gender-specific system justification and rape myth acceptance for men and women. Frontiers in Psychology 11 326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00326","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00326"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini M. Tartaglia S. De Piccoli N. (2021). Assessing rape myth acceptance: A contribution to Italian validation of the measure for assessing subtle rape myth (SRMA-it). Sexual Abuse 34(4) 375\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10790632211028158","DOI":"10.1177\/10790632211028158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarry M. Lombard N. (2016). Same old story? Children and young people\u2019s continued normalisation of men\u2019s violence against women. Feminist Review 112(1) 128\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/fr.2015.50","DOI":"10.1057\/fr.2015.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mcintosh S. Davis J. P. (2022). The \u201ccasting couch\u201d scenario: Impact of perceived employment benefit reporting delay complainant gender and participant gender on juror decision-making in rape cases. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(9\u201310) NP6676\u2013NP6696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520966679","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520966679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menegatti M. Mazzuca S. Ciaffoni S. Moscatelli S. (2022). Behind the lines of #Metoo: Exploring women\u2019s and men\u2019s intentions to join the Movement. Sustainability 14(19) 12294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su141912294","DOI":"10.3390\/su141912294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milesi P. S\u00fcssenbach P. Bohner G. Meg\u00edas J. L. (2019). The interplay of modern myths about sexual aggression and moral foundations in the blaming of rape victims. European Journal of Social Psychology 50(1) 111\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2622","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2622"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-010-9910-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira B. Rosa P. J. Braz\u00e3o N. Carvalho J. (2022). Dimensionality and measurement invariance of the sexually aggressive behaviors scale across male and female Portuguese college students. Sexes 3(3) 336\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sexes3030026","DOI":"10.3390\/sexes3030026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulder E. Bosma A. K. (2022). Filling in the (gendered) gaps: How observers frame claims of sexual assault. International Review of Victimology 28(2) 215\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/02697580211061893","DOI":"10.1177\/02697580211061893"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy A. Hine B. (2018). Investigating the demographic and attitudinal predictors of rape myth acceptance in U.K. police officers: Developing an evidence-base for training and professional development. Psychology Crime & Law 25(1) 69\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316x.2018.1503663","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2018.1503663"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Gender equality plan development in universities: A strategic management perspective","volume":"1","author":"Naciti V.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naciti V., Noto G., Pulejo L., Vermiglio C. (2024). Gender equality plan development in universities: A strategic management perspective. European Journal of Volunteering and Community-Based Projects, 1(1), 34\u201357.","journal-title":"European Journal of Volunteering and Community-Based Projects"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"No\u00ebl T. Lar\u00f8i F. Burnay J. (2021). The impact of sexualized video game content and cognitive load on state rape myth acceptance. Frontiers in Psychology 12 614502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.614502","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.614502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ny\u00fal B. Kende A. (2021). Rape myth acceptance as a relevant psychological construct in a gender-unequal context: The Hungarian adaptation of the updated Illinois rape myths acceptance scale. Current Psychology 42(4) 3098\u20133111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-021-01631-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-01631-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ny\u00fal B. Kende A. Engyel M. Szab\u00f3 M. (2018). Perception of a perpetrator as a successful person predicts decreased moral judgment of a rape case and labeling it as rape. Frontiers in Psychology 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02555","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ny\u00fal B. Nariman H. S. Szab\u00f3 M. Ferenczy D. Kende A. (2022). Rape myth acceptance is lower and predicts harsher evaluations of rape among impacted people. Social Psychological Bulletin 16(4) 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32872\/spb.3897","DOI":"10.32872\/spb.3897"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olszewska K. Piotrowski P. Wojciechowski B. W. (2023). Attitudes towards rape and their determinants among men women and non-binary people in Poland. Sexuality & Culture 27(3) 863\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12119-022-10042-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-022-10042-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborn K. Davis J. P. Button S. Foster J. (2021). Juror decision making in acquaintance and marital rape: The influence of clothing alcohol and preexisting stereotypical attitudes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(5-6) NP2675-NP2696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518768566","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518768566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang Y. Davies K. Liu Y. (2022). Changes in certitude adherence and attitude: Immediate effects of rape myth intervention on jurors in a mock trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(16) 10345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191610345","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papazoglou K. Chopko B. (2017). The role of moral suffering (moral distress and moral injury) in police compassion fatigue and PTSD: An unexplored topic. Frontiers in Psychology 8 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01999","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parratt K. A. Pina A. (2017). From \u201creal rape\u201d to real justice: A systematic review of police officers\u2019 rape myth beliefs. Aggression and Violent Behavior 34 68\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2017.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons A. Mojtahedi D. (2022). Can jurors be biased in their evaluation of third-party evidence within cases of rape? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 85 101837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlp.2022.101837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2022.101837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parti K. Robinson R. A. (2021). What hinders victims from reporting sexual violence: A qualitative study with police officers prosecutors and judges in Hungary. International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy 10(3) 158\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5204\/ijcjsd.1851","DOI":"10.5204\/ijcjsd.1851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulhus D. L. (2014). Toward a taxonomy of dark personalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science 23(6) 421\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963721414547737","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721414547737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1998.2238"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persson S. Dhingra K. (2022). Moderating factors in culpability ratings and rape proclivity in stranger and acquaintance rape: Validation of rape vignettes in a community sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(13\u201314) NP11358\u2013NP11385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260521991294","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260521991294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persson S. Dhingra K. Grogan S. (2018). Attributions of victim blame in stranger and acquaintance rape: A quantitative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 27(13\u201314) 2640\u20132649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14351","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_111_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"M\u0119\u017cczyzna jako ofiara przest\u0119pstwa zgwa\u0142cenia: studium z zakresu socjologii prawa [Male as a rape victim of: A study in the sociology of law]","volume":"10","author":"Podemska A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Podemska A. (2015). M\u0119\u017cczyzna jako ofiara przest\u0119pstwa zgwa\u0142cenia: studium z zakresu socjologii prawa [Male as a rape victim of: A study in the sociology of law]. Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorant\u00f3w Uniwersytetu Jagiello\u0144skiego Nauki Spo\u0142eczne. 10(1), 93\u2013118.","journal-title":"Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorant\u00f3w Uniwersytetu Jagiello\u0144skiego Nauki Spo\u0142eczne"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollack E. (2019). Sweden and the #MeToo movement. Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture 10(3) 185\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1386\/iscc.10.3.185_1","DOI":"10.1386\/iscc.10.3.185_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock A. Berge E. (2018). How to do a systematic review. International Journal of Stroke: Official Journal of the International Stroke Society 13(2) 138\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1747493017743796","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017743796"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Gender equality in the European Union. From strategic engagement to achievements","volume":"72","author":"Porumbescu A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Porumbescu A., Pogan L. D. (2021). Gender equality in the European Union. From strategic engagement to achievements. Revista de Stiinte Politice, 72, 68\u201379.","journal-title":"Revista de Stiinte Politice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preti S. di Bella E. (2023). Gender equality as EU strategy. In di Bella E. Fachelli S. L\u00f3pez-Rold\u00e1n P. Suter C. (Eds.) Measuring gender equality (Social Indicators Research Series vol. 87). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-41486-2_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41486-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prina F. Schatz-Stevens J. N. (2020). Sexism and rape myth acceptance: The impact of culture education and religiosity. Psychological Reports 123(3) 929\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0033294119826896","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119826896"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjan P. Kashyap S. (2014). Media as the fourth estate of democracy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2485908","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2485908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci10120462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimmer B. Birch P. (2019). Exploring factors affecting attitudes towards rape survivors: The role of sexuality and religiosity. Journal of Forensic Practice 21(2) 139\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jfp-01-2019-0004","DOI":"10.1108\/JFP-01-2019-0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez M. Krah\u00e9 B. Moya M. Meg\u00edas J. L. (2018). Alcohol-related victim behavior and rape myth acceptance as predictors of victim blame in sexual assault cases. Violence Against Women 24(9) 1052\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801217727372","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801217727372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez M. Toro-Garc\u00eda V. Horvath M. A. Meg\u00edas J. L. (2017). More than a magazine. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32(4) 515\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260515586366","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosa P. J. Braz\u00e3o N. Carvalho J. (2022). Psychometric properties of the sexually aggressive behaviors scale: Factor structure reliability and construct validity in a sample of Portuguese female college students. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 68(12) 1197\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x221113535","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X221113535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosewood E. Hammond L. (2023). The impacts of conservatism social dominance and rape myth acceptance on blame attribution in ambiguous rape scenarios. Violence Against Women 29(15\u201316) 3007\u20133023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012231200474","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231200474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saewyc E. M. (2012). What about the boys? The importance of including boys and young men in sexual and reproductive health research. Journal of Adolescent Health 51 1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samji K. Vasquez E. A. (2019). The link between myths about sexual aggression and sexual objectification via hostile attitudes toward women. Journal of Sexual Aggression 26(3) 385\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13552600.2019.1676924","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2019.1676924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saravia Lalinde I. A. Longpr\u00e9 N. de Roos M. (2023). Everyday sadism as a predictor of rape myth acceptance and perception of harassment. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 67(13\u201314) 1323\u20131342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624X231165430","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X231165430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Rape myths: In legal, theoretical, and everyday practice","volume":"1","author":"Schwendinger J. R.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Schwendinger J. R., Schwendinger H. (1974). Rape myths: In legal, theoretical, and everyday practice. Crime and Social Justice, 1, 18\u201326.","journal-title":"Crime and Social Justice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciacca B. Mazzone A. O\u2019Higgins Norman J. Foody M. (2021). Blame and responsibility in the context of youth produced sexual imagery: The role of teacher empathy and rape myth acceptance. Teaching and Teacher Education 103 103354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tate.2021.103354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2021.103354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirvent Garcia del Valle E. (2020). Acceptability of sexual violence against women in Spain: Demographic behavioral and attitudinal correlates. Violence Against Women 26(10) 1080\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801219854536","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219854536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skov M. van Mastrigt S. Jensen A. V. (2022). Comparing rape myth acceptance among police trainees and medical students: A preliminary Danish validation of the updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Violence Against Women 28(11) 2649\u20132676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012211038967","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211038967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleath E. Bull R. (2012). Comparing rape victim and perpetrator blaming in a police officer sample: Differences between police officers with and without special training. Criminal Justice and Behavior 39(5) 646\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854811434696","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854811434696"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sleath E. Woodhams J. (2014). Expectations about victim and offender behaviour during Stranger rape. Psychology Crime & Law 20(8) 798\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316x.2013.876500","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2013.876500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorochinski M. Varvaro J. (2023). Technology facilitated sexual violence and abuse: Exploring the what who where why when and how of the 21st century interpersonal crime. Contemporary Justice Review 26(1) 111\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10282580.2023.2216717","DOI":"10.1080\/10282580.2023.2216717"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirling J. L. Hills P. J. Wignall L. (2022). Narrative approach to understand people\u2019s comprehension of acquaintance rape: The role of sex role stereotyping. Psychology & Sexuality 13(2) 129\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19419899.2020.1745873","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2020.1745873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez E. Gadalla T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim:A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of InterpersonalViolence 25(11) 2010\u20132035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260509354503","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260509354503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00fcssenbach P. Eyssel F. Rees J. Bohner G. (2017). Looking for blame: Rape myth acceptance and attention to victim and perpetrator. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32(15) 2323\u20132344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260515591975","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515591975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taschler M. West K. (2017). Contact with counter-stereotypical women predicts less sexism less rape myth acceptance less intention to rape (in men) and less projected enjoyment of rape (in women). Sex Roles 76(7\u20138) 473\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-016-0679-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-016-0679-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temkin J. Gray J. M. Barrett J. (2018). Different functions of rape myth use in court: Findings from a trial observation study. Feminist Criminology 13(2) 205-226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557085116661627","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085116661627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolman D. L. Davis B. R. Bowman C. P. (2016). \u201cThat\u2019s just how it is\u201d: A gendered analysis of masculinity and femininity ideologies in adolescent girls\u2019 and boys\u2019 heterosexual relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research 31(1) 3\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558415587325","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558415587325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trottier D. Benbouriche M. Bonneville V. (2019). A meta-analysis on the association between rape myth acceptance and sexual coercion perpetration. Journal of Sex Research 58(3) 375\u2013382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2019.1704677","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2019.1704677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turchik J. A. Edwards K. M. (2012). Myths about male rape: A literature review. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 13 211\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023207","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vangeel L. Eggermont S. Vandenbosch L. (2020). Does adolescent media use predict sexual stereotypes in adolescence and emerging adulthood? Associations with Music Television and online pornography exposure. Archives of Sexual Behavior 49(4) 1147\u20131161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-020-01677-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01677-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vik B. F. Rasmussen K. Schei B. Hagemann C. T. (2020). Is police investigation of rape biased by characteristics of victims? Forensic Science International: Synergy 2 98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viki G. T. Fullerton I. Raggett H. Tait F. Wiltshire S. (2012). The role of dehumanization in attitudes toward the social exclusion and rehabilitation of sex offenders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 42 2349\u20132367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00944.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2012.00944.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838010390708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00148.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019617920155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widanaralalage B. K. Hine B. A. Murphy A. D. Murji K. (2022). \u201cI didn\u2019t feel I was a victim\u201d: A phenomenological analysis of the experiences of male-on-male survivors of rape and sexual abuse. Victims & Offenders 17(8) 1147\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15564886.2022.2069898","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2022.2069898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worden A. P. Carlson B. E. (2005). Attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence: Results of a public opinion survey: II. Beliefs about causes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20(10) 1219\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260505278531","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505278531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright P. J. Randall A. K. (2012). Internet pornography exposure and risky sexual behavior among adult males in the United States. Computers in Human Behavior 28(4) 1410\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2012.03.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zillmann D. Bryant J. (1988). Pornography\u2019s impact on sexual satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18(5) 438\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00027.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00027.x"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241271387","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380241271387","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241271387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:22:16Z","timestamp":1793161336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380241271387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380241271387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241271387","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]}}}