{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:37:03Z","timestamp":1793093823437,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1F1A1048142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1048142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    South Korea implemented specific legislation titled the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Act on Punishment of Crimes of Stalking<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APCS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) on October 21, 2021, to address the issue of stalking. This study evaluated the risks associated with stalking incidents in South Korea by reviewing and analyzing legal cases with finalized judgments within the first year of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APCS<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Data were collected through a systematic search of the Korean Supreme Court\u2019s Written Judgment Management System database. We identified 193 stalking-related cases between October 21, 2021, and October 14, 2022. These cases were analyzed based on four risk profile criteria: profiles of stalkers and victims, the nature of stalker\u2013victim relationships, motivations behind stalking, and patterns of stalking behavior. Further, we reviewed cases to which the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APCS<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Criminal Act<\/jats:italic>\n                    applied by analyzing stalker\u2013victim relationships and the stalkers\u2019 underlying motivations to assess the risks associated with stalking. Approximately 16.6% of stalkers were diagnosed with mental disorders, the most common disorder being psychosis. The average age of the victims was 42.84\u2009years, with a higher prevalence of female victims compared to male ones. Predominantly, stalkers were former intimate partners of the victims, with most cases motivated by rejection. Direct contact methods, such as physical approaches, have been observed more frequently than indirect methods, such as repeated unwanted messages, or non-contact behaviors, including surveillance and loitering. The findings provide an up-to-date overview of the under-examined criminal stalking issue in South Korea.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241286819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T13:36:51Z","timestamp":1729517811000},"page":"682-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk Profile of Stalking in South Korea: Analyzing the First Year of Court Decisions Following Initial Legal Responses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungju","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunji","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-345X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sihyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Attachment; attachment and loss","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Bowlby J. (1982). Attachment; attachment and loss (Vol. 1). Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks N. Petherick W. Kannan A. Stapleton P. Davidson S. (2021). Understanding female-perpetrated stalking. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management 8(3) 65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tam0000162","DOI":"10.1037\/tam0000162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53302\/kjfp.2018.03.9.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davin K. R. Dardis C. M. Barth M. R. Iverson K. M. (2022). Prospective mental health effects of intimate partner stalking among women veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 14(5) 751\u2013758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001144","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farnham F. R. James D. V. Cantrell P. (2000). Association between violence psychosis and relationship to victim in stalkers. Lancet 355(9199) 199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04706-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04706-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garza A. D. Franklin C. A. Goodson A. (2020). The nexus between intimate partner violence and stalking: Examining the arrest decision. Criminal Justice and Behavior 47(8) 1014\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854820931149","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854820931149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"Adult attachment: A concise introduction to theory and research","author":"Gillath O.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gillath O., Karantzas G. C., Fraley R. C. (2016). Adult attachment: A concise introduction to theory and research (1st ed.). Elsevier.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauch D. Elklit A. (2023). The psychological consequences of stalking: Cross-sectional findings in a sample of Danish help-seeking stalking victims. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 14(2) 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008066.2023.2281749","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2281749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffner C. A. Bond B. J. (2022). Parasocial relationships social media and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology 45 101306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang S. Y. (2022). Analysis of court decision on the characteristics and diagnosis of stalking. Journal of Police & Law 20(1) 55\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22826\/jpl.2022.20.1.55","DOI":"10.12968\/S0047-9624(23)60434-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24055\/kaps.23.5.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kropp P. R. Hart S. D. Lyon D. R. (2002). Risk assessment of stalkers: Some problems and possible solutions. Criminal Justice and Behavior 29(5) 590\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/009385402236734","DOI":"10.1177\/009385402236734"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Logan T. (2020). Examining stalking experiences and outcomes for men and women stalked by (ex)partners and non-partners. Journal of Family Violence 35(7) 729\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-019-00111-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-019-00111-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magyarics C. L. Lynch K. R. Golding J. M. Lippert A. (2015). The impact of frequency of behavior and type of contact on judgments involving a criminal stalking case. Law and Human Behavior 39(6) 602\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000151","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos M. Grangeia H. Ferreira C. Azevedo V. Gon\u00e7alves M. Sheridan L. (2019). Stalking victimization in Portugal: Prevalence characteristics and impact. International Journal of Law Crime and Justice 57 103\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2019.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2019.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller L. (2012). Stalking: Patterns motives and intervention strategies. Aggression and Violent Behavior 17(6) 495\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2012.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison K. A. (2008). Differentiating between physically violent and nonviolent stalkers: An examination of Canadian cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(3) 742\u2013751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00722.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00722.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Assessing and managing the risks in the stalking situation","volume":"34","author":"Mullen P. E.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mullen P. E., Mackenzie R., Ogloff J. R. P., Path\u00e9 M., Mcewan T., Purcell R. (2006). Assessing and managing the risks in the stalking situation. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34, 439\u2013450.","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nijdam-Jones A. Rosenfeld B. Gerbrandij J. Quick E. Galietta M. (2018). Psychopathology of stalking offenders: Examining the clinical demographic and stalking characteristics of a community-based sample. Criminal Justice and Behavior 45(5) 712\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854818760643","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818760643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","unstructured":"Park C. G. (2021). A brief study on the revision of recently enacted act on punishment of stalking. Journal of Criminal Law 33(3) 267\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21795\/kcla.2021.33.3.267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park M. Chesla C. (2007). Revisiting confucianism as a conceptual framework for Asian family study. Journal of Family Nursing 13(3) 293\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1074840707304400","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840707304400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Praus P. Riedel-Heller S. Dressing H. (2018). Stalking von psychiatern und psychotherapeuten. 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