{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:12:07Z","timestamp":1777939927095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014660","name":"Society for the Study of Addiction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use commonly co-occur and represent a unique clinical challenge. Current interventions show modest effect sizes and high rates of dropout highlighting the need to better understand the mechanisms underlying the PTSD-substance use association. Evidence suggests emotion regulation may be an important factor underlying this association. This systematic review aims to examine the role of emotion regulation in the association between PTSD and substance use and to provide an understanding of differences in emotion regulation based on gender, trauma type, and social factors. Systematic searches of Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, ASSIA, CINAHL, and Web of Science identified 33 studies that met the review inclusion criteria. While findings were mixed, the results largely suggest difficulties regulating negative and positive emotions are important in the PTSD-substance use association. Emotion regulation was elevated in individuals with PTSD-substance use disorder (SUD) compared to SUD only and among individuals with more severe PTSD and substance use symptoms. A small number of studies highlighted the role of emotion regulation difficulties over time and in relation to treatment outcomes. Preliminary findings suggested there may be differences in emotion regulation in PTSD-substance use based on gender, trauma type, and social factors, though this requires further examination. Limitations of the included studies include small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, and a predominant focus on alcohol use. The findings largely support self-medication and negative reinforcement models of substance use and highlight the possible utility of integrated interventions focusing on emotion regulation for PTSD-substance use. Recommendations for further research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241306362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T05:32:07Z","timestamp":1735536727000},"page":"3-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emotion Regulation in the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use: A Systematic Review With Narrative Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice May","family":"Bowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0912-8751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Calder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society for the Study of Addiction, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1502-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Meynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Addiction Centre, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aase D. M. Gorka S. M. Greenstein J. E. Proescher E. Crane N. A. Everett L.K. Hassan I. Osborn A. Schroth C. Kennedy-Krage A. Phan K. (2018). Cognitive reappraisal moderates the relationship between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use over time in post-9\/11 U.S. military veterans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 191 159\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.032.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldao A. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Schweizer S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review 30(2) 217\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"1980","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Vol. 3rd).","journal-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker T. B. Piper M. E. McCarthy D. E. Majeskie M. R. Fiore M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review 111(1) 33\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295x.111.1.33","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardeen J. R. Fergus T. A. Orcutt H. K. (2012). An examination of the latent structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 34(3) 382\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-012-9280-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-012-9280-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berking M. Margraf M. Ebert D. Wupperman P. Hofmann S. G. Junghanns K. (2011). Deficits in emotion-regulation skills predict alcohol use during and after cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol dependence. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 79(3) 307\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023421","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohus M. Kleindienst N. Hahn C. M\u00fcller-Engelmann M. Lud\u00e4scher P. Steil R. Fydrich T. Kuehner C. Resick P. A. Stiglmayr C. Schmahl C. Priebe K. (2020). Dialectical behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (DBT-PTSD) compared with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in complex presentations of PTSD in women survivors of childhood abuse. JAMA Psychiatry 77(12) 1235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.2148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bornovalova M. A. Ouimette P. Crawford A. V. Levy R. (2009). Testing gender effects on the mechanisms explaining the association between post-traumatic stress symptoms and substance use frequency. Addictive Behaviors 34(8) 685\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.04.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady K. T. Back S. E. Coffey S. F. (2004). Substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13(5) 206\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00309.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00309.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewerton T. D. Suro G. Gavidia I. Perlman M. M. (2022). Sexual and gender minority individuals report higher rates of lifetime traumas and current PTSD than cisgender heterosexual individuals admitted to residential eating disorder treatment. Eating and Weight Disorders 27(2) 813\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40519-021-01222-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01222-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chilcoat H. D. Breslau N. (1998). Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Addictive Behaviors 23(6) 827\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4603(98)00069-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00069-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christ N. M. Byllesby B. M. Elhai J. D. (2022). The effect of cognitive-affective factors on PTSD and alcohol use symptoms: An investigation on rumination suppression and reappraisal. Substance Use & Misuse 57(14) 2053\u20132062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2022.2129997","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2129997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Currie C. L. (2021). Adult PTSD symptoms and substance use during Wave 1 of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addictive Behaviors Reports 13 100341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2021.100341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delhom I. Melendez J. C. Satorres E. (2021). The regulation of emotions: Gender differences. European Psychiatry 64(S1) S836\u2013S836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2209","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.2209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon-Gordon K. L. Tull M. T. Gratz K. L. (2014). Self-injurious behaviors in posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of potential moderators. Journal of Affective Disorders 166 359\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drapkin M. L. Yusko D. Yasinski C. Oslin D. Hembree E. A. Foa E. B. (2011). Baseline functioning among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 41(2) 186\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.02.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehlers A. Clark D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy 38(4) 319\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0005-7967(99)00123-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehring T. Quack D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy 41(4) 587\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2010.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"English T. John O. P. Gross J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation in close relationships. In Simpson J. A. Campbell L. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of close relationships. Oxford Library of Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195398694.013.0022","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195398694.013.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"English T. Lee I. A. John O. P. Gross J. J. (2017). Emotion regulation strategy selection in daily life: The role of social context and goals. Motivation & Emotion 41(2) 230\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11031-016-9597-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-016-9597-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairholme C. P. Nosen E. L. Nillni Y. I. Schumacher J. A. Tull M. T. Coffey S. F. (2013). Sleep disturbance and emotion dysregulation as transdiagnostic processes in a comorbid sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 51(9) 540\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2013.05.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallot R. D. Harris M. (2005). Integrated trauma services teams for women survivors with alcohol and other drug problems and co-occurring mental disorders. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 22(3\u20134) 181\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J020v22n03_10","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v22n03_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feingold D. Zerach G. (2021). Emotion regulation and experiential avoidance moderate the association between posttraumatic symptoms and alcohol use disorder among Israeli combat veterans. Addictive Behaviors 115 106776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106776"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garke M. A. Isacsson N. H. Sorman K. Bjureberg J. Hellner C. Gratz K. L. Berghoff C. R. Sinha R. Tull M. T. Jayaram-Lindstrom N. (2021). Emotion dysregulation across levels of substance use. Psychiatry Research 296 113662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113662.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldstein B. Bradley B. Ressler K. J. Powers A. (2017). Associations between posttraumatic stress disorder emotion dysregulation and alcohol dependence symptoms among inner city females. Journal of Clinical Psychology 73(3) 319\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22332","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncharenko S. Weiss N. H. Contractor A. A. Dixon-Gordon K. L. Forkus S. R. (2019). The role of gender in the associations among posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity difficulties regulating emotions and alcohol misuse. Addictive Behaviors 99 106086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratz K. L. Roemer L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development factor structure and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26(1) 41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenberg N. Brooks S. Dunn R. (2015). Latest developments in post-traumatic stress disorder: Diagnosis and treatment. British Medical Bulletin 114(1) 147\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bmb\/ldv014","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldv014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology 2(3) 271\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1089-2680.2.3.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross J. J. John O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect relationships and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85(2) 348\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross J. J. (2015). The extended process model of emotion regulation: Elaborations applications and future directions. Psychological Inquiry 26(1) 130\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1047840X.2015.989751","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2015.989751"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haller M. Chassin L. (2013). The influence of PTSD symptoms on alcohol and drug problems: Internalizing and externalizing pathways. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 5 484\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029335","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029335"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawn S. E. Cusack S. E. Amstadter A. B. (2020). A systematic review of the self-medication hypothesis in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid problematic alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress 33(5) 699\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22521","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidari S. Babor T. F. De Castro P. Tort S. Curno M. (2016). Sex and gender equity in research: Rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Research Integrity and Peer Review 1(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41073-016-0007-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-016-0016-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hien D. A. Lopez-Castro T. Papini S. Gorman B. Ruglass L. M. (2017). Emotion dysregulation moderates the effect of cognitive behavior therapy with prolonged exposure for co-occurring PTSD and substance use disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 52 53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzhauer C. G. Gamble S. A. (2017). Depressive symptoms mediate the relationship between changes in emotion regulation during treatment and abstinence among women with alcohol use disorders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 31(3) 284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000274","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzhauer C. G. Sherrill A. Musicaro R. M. Ellis R. A. (2024). The Role of Emotion Dysregulation in heightened alcohol craving related to posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms. Substance Use & Misuse 59(6) 874\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2024.2305805","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2305805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong Q. N. F\u00e0bregues S. Bartlett G. Boardman F. Cargo M. Dagenais P. Gagnon M.-P. Griffiths F. Nicolau B. O\u2019Cathain A. Rousseau M.-C. Vedel I. Pluye P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information 34 285\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/EFI-180221","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-180221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahl J. Holl J. Grundmann J. Lotzin A. Hiller P. Schroeder K. Schulte B. Barnow S. Sch\u00e4fer I. (2020). Emotion regulation as a mediator between childhood abuse and neglect and posttraumatic stress disorder in women with substance use disorders. Substance Use & Misuse 55(13) 2184\u20132193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2020.1797805","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1797805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaysen D. Atkins D. C. Moore S. A. Lindgren K. P. Dillworth T. Simpson T. (2011). Alcohol use problems and the course of posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective study of female crime victims. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 7(4) 262\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2011.620449","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2011.620449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khantzian E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 4(5) 231\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10673229709030550","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klanecky A. K. McChargue D. E. Tuliao A. P. (2016). Proposed pathways to problematic drinking via post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms emotion dysregulation and dissociative tendencies following child\/adolescent sexual abuse. Journal of Addictive Disorders 35(3) 180\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10550887.2016.1139428","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2016.1139428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemanski D. H. Mennin D. S. Borelli J. L. Morrissey P. M. Aikins D. E. (2012). Emotion-related regulatory difficulties contribute to negative psychological outcomes in active-duty iraq war soldiers with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression & Anxiety (1091\u20134269) 29(7) 621\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.21914","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebeaut A. Zegel M. Leonard S. J. Bartlett B. A. Vujanovic A. A. (2021). Examining transdiagnostic factors among firefighters in relation to trauma exposure probable PTSD and probable alcohol use disorder. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 17(1) 52\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2020.1854411","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2020.1854411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard S. J. McGrew S. J. Lebeaut A. Vujanovic A. A. (2023). PTSD symptom severity and alcohol use among firefighters: The role of emotion regulation difficulties. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 19(4) 209\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2023.2260324","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2023.2260324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilly M. M. London M. J. (2015). Broad clinical phenotype and facets of emotion regulation in interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Clinical Psychology 71(9) 885\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22177","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litz B. T. Orsillo S. M. Kaloupek D. Weathers F. (2000). Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109(1) 26\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0021-843x.109.1.26","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843X.109.1.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahoney C. T. Cestodio V. Porter K. J. Marchant K. M. (2022). The moderating roles of emotion regulation and coping self-efficacy on the association between PTSD symptom severity and drug use among female sexual assault survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice & Policy 36(3) 366\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001194","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mar\u00eda-R\u00edos C. E. Morrow J. D. (2020). Mechanisms of shared vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders [review]. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 14 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00006","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marroqu\u00edn B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review 31(8) 1276\u20131290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDermott M. J. Tull M. T. Gratz K. L. Daughters S. B. Lejuez C. W. (2009). The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack\/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23(5) 591\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrew S. J. Raines A. M. Walker R. L. Leonard S. J. Vujanovic A. A. (2023). Posttraumatic stress alcohol use and alcohol use motives among non-hispanic Black\/African American College students: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 19(1) 3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2022.2160037","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2022.2160037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengin A. C. Rolling J. Porche C. Durpoix A. Lalanne L. (2022). The intertwining of posttraumatic stress symptoms alcohol tobacco or nicotine use and the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(21) 14546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph192114546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","unstructured":"NICE. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder. NICE Guidelines. https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng116 (accessed 31 May 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman S. B. Haller M. Hamblen J. L. Southwick S. M. Pietrzak R. H. (2018). The burden of co-occurring alcohol use disorder and PTSD in U.S. Military veterans: Comorbidities functioning and suicidality. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 32(2) 224\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000348","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","unstructured":"Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. (2023). UK clinical guidelines for alcohol treatment: Core elements of alcohol treatment. https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/az8eu8xs (accessed 31 May 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page M. J. McKenzie J. E. Bossuyt P. M. Boutron I. Hoffmann T. C. Mulrow C. D. Shamseer L. Tetzlaff J. M. Akl E. A. Brennan S. E. Chou R. Glanville J. Grimshaw J. M. Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. Lalu M. M. Li T. Loder E. W. Mayo-Wilson E. McDonald S. Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372 n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parent M. C. Arriaga A. S. Gobble T. Wille L. (2019). Stress and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals across the lifespan. Neurobiology of Stress 10 100146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.100146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel H. Easterbrook B. D'Alessandro-Lowe A. M. Andrews K. Ritchie K. Hosseiny F. Rodrigues S. Malain A. O'Connor C. Schielke H. McCabe R. E. Nicholson A. A. Lanius R. McKinnon M. C. (2023). Associations between trauma and substance use among healthcare workers and public safety personnel during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic: The mediating roles of dissociation and emotion dysregulation. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 14(1) 2180706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008066.2023.2180706","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2180706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulus D. J. Tran N. Gallagher M. W. Viana A. G. Bakhshaie J. Garza M. Ochoa-Perez M. Lemaire C. Zvolensky M. J. (2019). Examining the indirect effect of posttraumatic stress symptoms via emotion dysregulation on alcohol misuse among trauma-exposed Latinx in primary care. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 25(1) 55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cdp0000226","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pebole M. M. Lyons R. C. Gobin R. L. (2022). Correlates and consequences of emotion regulation difficulties among OEF\/OIF\/OND veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice & Policy 14(2) 326\u2013335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001046","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrova K. Gross J. J. (2023). The future of emotion regulation research: Broadening our field of view. Affective Science 4(4) 609\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42761-023-00222-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s42761-023-00222-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","volume-title":"Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews","author":"Popay J.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Popay J., Roberts H., Sowden A., Petticrew M., Arai L., Rodgers M., Britten N., Roen K., Duffy S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. Lancaster University."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radomski S. A. Read J. P. (2016). Mechanistic role of emotion regulation in the PTSD and alcohol association. Traumatology 22(2) 113\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/trm0000068","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raudales A. M. Short N. A. Schmidt N. B. (2019). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma type and PTSD symptoms in a diverse trauma-exposed clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences 139 28\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2018.10.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","volume-title":"Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies","author":"Roberts N. P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts N. P., Back S. E., Mueser K. T., Murray L. K. (2020). Treatment considerations for PTSD comorbidities. In Forbes D., Bisson J. I., Monson C. M., Berliner L. (Eds.), Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts N. P. Lotzin A. Sch\u00e4fer I. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 13(1) 2041831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008198.2022.2041831","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2041831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts N. P. Roberts P. A. Jones N. Bisson J. I. (2016). Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4 CD010204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010204.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010204.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchis-Sanchis A. Grau M. D. Moliner A.-R. Morales-Murillo C. P. (2020). Effects of age and gender in emotion regulation of children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology 11 946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00946","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer I. Najavits L. M. (2007). Clinical challenges in the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20(6) 614\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f0ffd9","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f0ffd9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seligowski A. V. Lee D. J. Bardeen J. R. Orcutt H. K. (2015). Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 44(2) 87\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16506073.2014.980753","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2014.980753"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuman V. (2013). Studying the social dimension of emotion regulation.Frontiers in Psychology 4 922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00922","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00922"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Social determinants of mental health: A review of the evidence","volume":"30","author":"Silva M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva M., Loureiro A., Cardoso G. (2016). Social determinants of mental health: A review of the evidence. European Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 259\u2013292.","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sloan E. Hall K. Moulding R. Bryce S. Mildred H. Staiger P. K. (2017). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic treatment construct across anxiety depression substance eating and borderline personality disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review 57 141\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stellern J. Xiao K. B. Grennell E. Sanches M. Gowin J. L. Sloan M. E. (2023). Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 118(1) 30\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16001","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-D-19-00169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripp J. C. McDevitt-Murphy M. E. (2015). Emotion dysregulation facets as mediators of the relationship between PTSD and alcohol misuse. Addictive Behaviors 47 55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.03.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tull M. T. Aldao A. (2015). Editorial overview: New directions in the science of emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tull M. T. Bardeen J. R. DiLillo D. Messman-Moore T. Gratz K. L. (2015). A prospective investigation of emotion dysregulation as a moderator of the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms and substance use severity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 29 52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y. Chung M. C. Wang N. Yu X. Kenardy J. (2021). Social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review 85 101998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner N. Murphy M. (2022). Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for individuals with substance use disorder: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Review 41(2) 501\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dar.13362","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wegen K. S. van Dijke A. Aalbers A. Zedlitz A. (2017). Dissociation and under-regulation of affect in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder with and without a co-morbid substance use disorder. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 1(4) 227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejtd.2017.06.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2017.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Brick L. A. Schick M. R. Forkus S. R. Raudales A. M. Contractor A. A. Sullivan T. P. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder strengthens the momentary associations between emotion dysregulation and substance use: A micro-longitudinal study of community women experiencing intimate partner violence. Addiction 117(12) 3150\u20133169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.15992","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Darosh A. G. Contractor A. A. Forkus S. R. Dixon-Gordon K. L. Sullivan T. P. (2018). Heterogeneity in emotion regulation difficulties among women victims of domestic violence: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 239 192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Forkus S. R. Raudales A. M. Schick M. R. Contractor A. A. (2020). Alcohol misuse to down-regulate positive emotions: A cross-sectional multiple mediator analysis among US military veterans. Addictive Behaviors 105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106322"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Goncharenko S. Raudales A. M. Schick M. R. Contractor A. A. (2021). Alcohol to down-regulate negative and positive emotions: Extending our understanding of the functional role of alcohol in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors 115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Kiefer R. Goncharenko S. Raudales A. M. Forkus S. R. Schick M. R. Contractor A. A. (2021). Emotion regulation and substance use: A meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 109131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.109131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Schick M. R. Contractor A. A. Dixon-Gordon K. L. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use: Identifying the underlying role of difficulties regulating positive emotions. Addictive Behaviors 96 119\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Thomas E. D. Schick M. R. Reyes M. E. Contractor A. A. (2022). Racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology 78(5) 785\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.23284","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Tull M. T. Anestis M. D. Gratz K. L. Weiss N. H. Tull M. T. Anestis M. D. Gratz K. L. (2013). The relative and unique contributions of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity to posttraumatic stress disorder among substance dependent inpatients. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 128(1\/2) 45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss N. H. Tull M. T. Lavender J. Gratz K. L. (2013). Role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between childhood abuse and probable PTSD in a sample of substance abusers. Child Abuse & Neglect 37(11) 944\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen A. Rao U. Kinney K. L. Yoon K. L. Morris M. (2024). Diversity in emotion regulation strategy use: Resilience against posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 172 104441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2023.104441"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westphal M. Aldao A. Jackson C. (2017). Emotion dysregulation in comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders: A narrative review. Military Psychology 29(3) 216\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/mil0000157","DOI":"10.1037\/mil0000157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witte T. H. Weymouth B. B. Gajos J. M. Penunuri A. Levy S. (2020). Trauma exposure and problem drinking in late adolescence: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress 33(6) 1048\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.22599","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22599"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolff S. Holl J. Stopsack M. Arens E. A. H\u00f6cker A. Staben K. A. Hiller P. Klein M. Sch\u00e4fer I. Barnow S. (2016). Does emotion dysregulation mediate the relationship between early maltreatment and later substance dependence? Findings of the CANSAS study. European Addiction Research 22(6) 292\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000447397","DOI":"10.1159\/000447397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolitzky-Taylor K. Smit T. Vujanovic A. A. Zvolensky M. J. (2023). Transdiagnostic processes linking posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms to alcohol use severity. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 19(2\u20133) 97\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15504263.2023.2225373","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2023.2225373"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241306362","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380241306362","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380241306362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:33:15Z","timestamp":1777699995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380241306362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380241306362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380241306362","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}}}