{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1793943059366,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region","award":["PolyU 15601022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PolyU 15601022"]}]},{"name":"APSS Research Fund","award":["P0046000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0046000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Children with disabilities are at heightened risk of violence, but existing meta-analyses rarely explore the impact of multiple disabilities and polyvictimization. This study updates global estimates and investigates how different disability types intersect with victimization risk. Databases of literature published on or before July 2024 were searched. Inclusion criteria required studies to (a) involve participants aged \u226418\u2009years with professionally diagnosed disabilities, (b) report comparative data with non-disabled peers, and (c) present quantitative measures of victimization. A total of 44 publications (1,734,560 children) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Random-effects models estimated pooled odds ratios (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    s), with subgroup analyses conducted. The overall\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    was 2.04 (95% CI [1.84, 2.52]). Polyvictimization was significantly associated with visible disabilities (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.04 [1.42, 2.93]), invisible disabilities (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.16 [1.76, 5.70]), and multiple disabilities (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.17 [2.25, 7.74]). Children with multiple disabilities had markedly high risk for physical violence (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.07 [2.12, 7.81]). Subgroup analyses showed that children in secondary school (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.16 [2.83, 6.11]) experienced the highest risks for polyvictimization. Child self-reports yielded the highest\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    s (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.16 [2.82, 6.11]) compared to mixed or parent reports. Children with invisible and multiple disabilities face disproportionate risks, particularly for polyvictimization. These findings underscore the need for early identification and tailored prevention efforts. Future research should address definitional inconsistencies and expand representation across regions and populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251388132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:29:17Z","timestamp":1763980157000},"page":"2729-2747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Victimization Among Children With Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9787-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengrui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6062-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8508-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ko Ling","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alriksson-Schmidt A. I. Armour B. S. Thibadeau J. K. (2010). Are adolescent girls with a physical disability at increased risk for sexual violence? Journal of School Health 80(7) 361-367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00514.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin S. Joseph S. (1996). Assessment of bully\/victim problems in 8- to 11-year-olds. British Journal of Educational Psychology 66(4) 447\u2013456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01211.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01211.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgardner D. J. (2019). Social isolation among families caring for children with disabilities. Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews 6(4) 229\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17294\/2330-0698.1726","DOI":"10.17294\/2330-0698.1726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidarra Z. S. Lessard G. Dumont A. (2016). Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child sexual abuse: Prevalence risk factors and related issues. Child Abuse & Neglect 55 10\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bong S. H. Kim K. M. Seol K. H. Kim J. W. (2021). Bullying perpetration and victimization in elementary school students diagnosed with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 62 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"Borenstein M. Hedges L. V. Higgins J. P. T. Rothstein H. R. (2021). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Biostat Englewood NJ USA. https:\/\/www.meta-analysis.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brendli K. R. Broda M. D. Brown R. (2022). Children with intellectual disability and victimization: A logistic regression analysis. Child Maltreatment 27(3) 320\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559521994177","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559521994177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briscoe-Smith A. M. Hinshaw S. P. (2006). Linkages between child abuse and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in girls: Behavioral and social correlates. Child Abuse & Neglect 30(11) 1239\u20131255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.04.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.04.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"End the silence","volume":"17","author":"Bryen D. N.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bryen D. N. (2002). End the silence. Issues in Special Education & Rehabilitation, 17(2), 7\u201317.","journal-title":"Issues in Special Education & Rehabilitation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burchinal M. R. Roberts J. E. Hooper S. Zeisel S. A. (2000). Cumulative risk and early cognitive development: A comparison of statistical risk models. Developmental Psychology 36(6) 793\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0012-1649.36.6.793","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.6.793"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The fear factor: Bullying and students with disabilities","volume":"21","author":"Carter B. B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carter B. B., Spencer V. G. (2006). The fear factor: Bullying and students with disabilities. International Journal of Special Education, 21(1), 11\u201323.","journal-title":"International Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan K. L. (2015). Are parents reliable in reporting child victimization? Comparison of parental and adolescent reports in a matched Chinese household sample. Child Abuse & Neglect 44 170\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan K. L. Chen M. Chen Q. Ip P. (2017). Can family structure and social support reduce the impact of child victimization on health-related quality of life? Child Abuse & Neglect 72 66\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.07.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan K. L. Emery C. R. Ip P. (2016). Children with disability are more at risk of violence victimization: Evidence from a study of school-aged Chinese children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31(6) 1026\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260514564066","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514564066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan K. L. Lo C. K. M. Ip P. (2018). Associating disabilities school environments and child victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect 83 21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzitheochari S. Parsons S. Platt L. (2016). Doubly disadvantaged? Bullying experiences among disabled children and young people in England. Sociology 50(4) 695\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0038038515574813","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038515574813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoffersen M. N. (2019). Violent crime against children with disabilities: A nationwide prospective birth cohort-study. Child Abuse and Neglect 98 Article 104150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoffersen M. N. (2022). Sexual crime against school children with disabilities: A nationwide prospective birth cohort study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(3\u20134) NP2177\u2013NP2205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520934442","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520934442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Beer C. Isaacs S. Lawrence C. Cebekhulu G. Morkel J. M. Nell J. Mpisane N. van Tonder W. P. Mayman Y. R. Thobejane L. Z. Pedro A. (2022). The subjective experiences of students with invisible disabilities at a historically disadvantaged university. African Journal of Disability 11 Article 932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ajod.v11i0.932","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v11i0.932"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DerSimonian R. Laird N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 7(3) 177\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emerson E. Hatton C. (2007). Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain. The British Journal of Psychiatry 191 493\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.038729","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.038729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans G. W. Li D. Whipple S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin 139(6) 1342\u20131396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031808","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fales J. L. Murphy L. K. Rights J. D. Palermo T. M. (2020). Daily peer victimization experiences of adolescents with and without chronic pain: Associations with mood sleep pain and activity limitations. Journal of Pain 21(1\u20132) 97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.05.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fales J. L. Rice S. Aaron R. V. Palermo T. M. (2018). Traditional and cyber-victimization among adolescents with and without chronic pain. Health Psychology 37(3) 291\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000569","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang Z. Cerna-Turoff I. Zhang C. Lu M. Lachman J. M. Barlow J. (2022). Global estimates of violence against children with disabilities: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 6(5) 313\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-4642(22)00033-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00033-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkelhor D. Ormrod R. K. Turner H. A. (2007). Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect 31(1) 7\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher M. H. Corr C. Morin L. (2016). Victimization of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities across the lifespan. International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities 51 233\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2016.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irrdd.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher M. H. Hodapp R. M. Dykens E. M. (2008). Child abuse among children with disabilities: What we know and what we need to know. In Glidden L. M. (Ed.) International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 35 pp. 251\u2013289). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0074-7750(07)35007-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7750(07)35007-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gokten E. S. Duman N. S. Soylu N. Uzun M. E. (2016). Effects of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder on child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect 62 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.10.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamby S. L. Finkelhor D. Ormrod R. K. Turner H. A. (2004). The Comprehensive Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ): Administration and scoring manual. Crimes Against Children Research Center University of New Hampshire.","DOI":"10.1037\/t01856-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinonen A. Ellonen N. (2013). Are children with disabilities and long-term illnesses at increased risk of disciplinary violence? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 14(2) 172\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14043858.2013.794999","DOI":"10.1080\/14043858.2013.794999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillis S. Mercy J. Amobi A. Kress H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics 137(3) Article e20154079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-4079","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphrey N. Hebron J. (2015). Bullying of children and adolescents with autism spectrum conditions: A \u201cstate of the field\u201d review. International Journal of Inclusive Education 19(8) 845\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13603116.2014.981602","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2014.981602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones L. Bellis M. A. Wood S. Hughes K. McCoy E. Eckley L. Bates G. Mikton C. Shakespeare T. Officer A. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet 380(9845) 899\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60692-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60692-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaca S. N. Ayla Uzun C. Cansu Mercan I. Kanak M. Demirel G. (2022). Evidence of the relationship between attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and emotional abuse in a sample of preschool children. Children\u2019s Health Care 51(3) 336\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02739615.2022.2072311","DOI":"10.1080\/02739615.2022.2072311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman J. Birmaher B. Brent D. Rao U. Flynn C. Moreci P. Williamson D. Ryan N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children\u2014Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36(7) 980\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendall P. C. Kessler R. C. (2002). The impact of childhood psychopathology interventions on subsequent substance abuse: Policy implications comments and recommendations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70(6) 1303\u20131306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.70.6.1303","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.6.1303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh H. W. Nagengast B. Morin A. J. S. Parada R. H. Craven R. G. Hamilton L. R. (2011). Construct validity of the multidimensional structure of bullying and victimization: An application of exploratory structural equation modeling. Journal of Educational Psychology 103 701\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024122","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonnell C. G. Boan A. D. Bradley C. C. Seay K. D. Charles J. M. Carpenter L. A. (2019). Child maltreatment in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: Results from a population-based sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 60(5) 576\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12993","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Montana Education Association","author":"Miller D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Miller D. (1990). Adolescent females with behavioral disorders: Who are they? Paper presented at the Montana Education Association, Bozeman."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller D. (1993). Sexual and physical abuse among adolescents with behavioral disorders: Profiles and implications. Behavioral Disorders 18(2) 129\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/019874299301800206","DOI":"10.1177\/019874299301800206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Workshop presented at the Severe Behavior Disorders of Children and Youth Conference","author":"Miller D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Miller D., Fejes-Mendoza K., Trapani C., Dwiggins D., Eggleston C. (1991). Females with emotional and behavioral disorders: Unique considerations. Workshop presented at the Severe Behavior Disorders of Children and Youth Conference, Tempe, AZ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson I. Page S. Zimmerman C. Meinck F. Gennari F. Guedes A. St\u00f6ckl H. (2023). The co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and violence against children: A systematic review on associated factors in low- and middle-income countries. Trauma Violence Abuse 24(4) 2097\u20132114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221082943","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221082943"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinquart M. (2017). Associations of parenting dimensions and styles with externalizing problems of children and adolescents: An updated meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology 53(5) 873\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0000295","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reisert H. Pham D. Rapoport E. Adesman A. (2023). Associations between bullying and condition severity among youth with chronic health conditions. Journal of Adolescent Health 73(2) 279\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.03.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiter S. Bryen D. N. Shachar I. (2007). Adolescents with intellectual disabilities as victims of abuse. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 11(4) 371\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1744629507084602","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629507084602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90084-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saylor C. F. Leach J. B. (2009). Perceived bullying and social support in students accessing special inclusion programming. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 21(1) 69\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10882-008-9126-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-008-9126-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sentenac M. Gavin A. Gabhainn S. N. Molcho M. Due P. Ravens-Sieberer U. Matos M. G. D. Malkowska-Szkutnik A. Gobina I. Vollebergh W. Arnaud C. Godeau E. (2013). Peer victimization and subjective health among students reporting disability or chronic illness in 11 Western countries. European Journal of Public Health 23(3) 421\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/cks073","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 P. Vornanen R. Toikko T. (2020). Are children with a number of disabilities and long-term illnesses at increased risk of mental violence disciplinary violence and serious violence? Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(23\u201324) 11409\u201311434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519898440","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519898440"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 P. Vornanen R. Toikko T. (2021). Multimorbidity and polyvictimization in children\u2014An analysis on the association of children\u2019s disabilities and long-term illnesses with mental violence and physical violence. Child Abuse & Neglect 122 Article 105350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith P. K. Mahdavi J. Carvalho M. Fisher S. Russell S. Tippet N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49(4) 376\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sol\u00e9 E. Roman-Juan J. S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez E. Castarlenas E. Jensen M. P. Mir\u00f3 J. (2024). School bullying and peer relationships in children with chronic pain. Pain 165(5) 1169\u20131176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003118","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soylu N. Alpaslan A. H. Ayaz M. Esenyel S. Oru\u00e7 M. (2013). Psychiatric disorders and characteristics of abuse in sexually abused children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities 34(12) 4334\u20134342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart S. L. Hirdes J. P. Curtin-Telegdi N. Perlman C. MacLeod K. Ninan A. Chappell R. Stewart S. L. Kushner D. M. (2015). InterRAI Child and Youth Mental Health (ChYMH) assessment form and user\u2019s manual version 9.3. Gynecologic Oncology 136(3) 460\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.11.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart S. L. Withers A. Semovski V. Lapshina N. (2023). Polyvictimization and impairments in functioning for children and youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities 17(4) 318\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19315864.2023.2285040","DOI":"10.1080\/19315864.2023.2285040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tietze A. L. Blankenburg M. Hechler T. Michel E. Koh M. Schl\u00fcter B. Zernikow B. (2012). Sleep disturbances in children with multiple disabilities. Sleep Medicine Reviews 16(2) 117\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.03.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucker C. J. Finkelhor D. Turner H. (2017). Victimization by siblings in children with disability or weight problems. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 38(6) 378\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000456","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twyman K. A. Saylor C. F. Saia D. Macias M. M. Taylor L. A. Spratt E. (2010). Bullying and ostracism experiences in children with special health care needs. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 31(1) 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181c828c8","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181c828c8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","unstructured":"United Nations. (2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/disabilities\/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderminden J. Finkelhor D. Hamby S. Turner H. (2023). Victimization and abuse among children with disabilities: Age adjusted rates in a US national sample. Child Abuse & Neglect 146 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106495"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdugo M. A. (1995). The maltreatment of intellectually handicapped children and adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal 19(2) 205\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0145-2134(94)00117-D","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)00117-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinreich L. Haberstroh S. Schulte-K\u00f6rne G. Moll K. (2023). The relationship between bullying learning disorders and psychiatric comorbidity. BMC Psychiatry 23(1) Article 116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04603-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04603-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiener J. Mak M. (2009). Peer victimization in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Psychology in the Schools 46(2) 116\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.20358","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20358"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz Irmak T. (2008). \u00c7 ocuk istismar\u0131 ve ihmalinin yayg\u0131nl\u012dg\u0131 ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131kla ili\u015f kili fakt\u00f6rler. Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou S. Yu W. Liang S. Ma X. Li D. Bian Y. Zhang Y. (2019). The association between child abuse and emotional and behavioral problems in Chinese school-aged boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 207(10) 869\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001041","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001041"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380251388132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380251388132","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380251388132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:21:43Z","timestamp":1793942503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380251388132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380251388132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380251388132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]}}}