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However, to date, a comprehensive overview of the manipulative strategies used by individuals with a history thereof to approach, identify, and engage children and young people in these contexts, with a focus on real-world, naturally-occurring data, is absent from the existing literature. The systematic literature review presented here therefore intends to fill this gap. A mixed-methods systematic literature search was conducted in September 2023 across six databases, in addition to a gray literature search, using relevant terms. A total of 12 articles were included in the review, and a thematic synthesis approach was used to integrate the qualitative and quantitative data. Eight themes and 37 subthemes were identified. The findings highlight that individuals use a number of different strategies which are of a highly manipulative, adaptive, and individualized nature in order to identify, approach, and engage victims in online sexual grooming, and technology-assisted child sexual abuse respectively. Our findings are discussed with a view to informing directions for future research and practical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251411261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:29:35Z","timestamp":1769837375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Complexities of Offender Strategies as Part of Online Sexual Grooming and Technology-Assisted Child Sexual Abuse: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6902-0324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly","family":"Porcelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flora","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8342-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane A.","family":"Kloess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexy E. 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