{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:12:56Z","timestamp":1777939976540,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Child neglect is the most prevalent form of child maltreatment reported to child protection services in many countries, yet research in this area remains underdeveloped. This study examined how Israeli courts define and interpret child neglect in practice, addressing the significant gap between theoretical definitions and legal operationalization. A systematic analysis of 68 Israeli court judgments spanning 50\u2009years was conducted using thematic analysis. Cases were selected from \u201cNevo,\u201d a legal database, based on specific criteria involving allegations or substantiation of child neglect, with courts making specific determinations regarding neglectful behavior. Three central themes emerged: (1) Tangible neglect\u2014failure to meet essential and observable needs (physical, medical, educational); (2) Emotional neglect\u2014failure to meet emotional needs, ranging from subtle shortcomings to complete parental abandonment; (3) Distinguishing poverty from neglect\u2014economic hardship alone does not constitute neglect. Courts demonstrated remarkable consistency in their approaches despite the conceptual complexities of neglect. Courts rely on existing legislation for clear cases but engage in judicial interpretation for ambiguous situations, particularly regarding emotional neglect and the distinctions between poverty and neglect. The study reveals that Israeli courts have developed a coherent practical framework that progresses from easily identifiable to increasingly complex forms of neglect, particularly where legislation provides clear guidance. At the same time, the findings highlight the need for clearer statutory frameworks to help ensure that such consistency is maintained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380261439147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T12:35:54Z","timestamp":1777034154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Child Neglect in the Legal System: A 50-Year Review of Israeli Court Rulings"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8234-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Segal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daphna","family":"Gross-Manos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","volume-title":"Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction","author":"Barnett O. W.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnett O. W., Miller-Perrin C. L., Perrin R. D. (2010). Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth R. P. (1996). The juvenile court and dependency cases. The Future of Children 6(3) 100\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1602597","DOI":"10.2307\/1602597"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Arieh A. Haj-Yahia M. M. (2006). The \u201cgeography\u201d of child maltreatment in Israel: Findings from a national data set of cases reported to the social services. Child Abuse & Neglect 30(9) 991\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.02.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard C. (2019). Recognizing and addressing child neglect in affluent families. Child & Family Social Work 24(2) 340\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cfs.12619","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12619"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","volume-title":"Missed opportunities: Indicators of neglect\u2014What is ignored, why, and what can be done?","author":"Brandon M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brandon M., Glaser D., Maguire S., McCrory E., Lushey C., Ward H. (2014). Missed opportunities: Indicators of neglect\u2014What is ignored, why, and what can be done? Department for Education Research Report, HMSO."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000196"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","volume-title":"The contribution of experts in care proceedings: Evaluation of independent social work reports on care proceedings","author":"Brophy J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brophy J., Owen C., Sidaway J., Jhutti-Johal J. (2012). The contribution of experts in care proceedings: Evaluation of independent social work reports on care proceedings. Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carnochan S. Taylor S. Abramson-Madden A. Han M. Rashid S. Maney J. Teuwen S. Austin M. J. (2006). Child welfare and the courts: An exploratory study of the relationship between two complex systems. Journal of Public Child Welfare 1(1) 117\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J479v01n01_06","DOI":"10.1300\/J479v01n01_06"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","volume-title":"Acts of omission: An overview of child neglect","author":"Children\u2019s Bureau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Bureau. (2018). Acts of omission: An overview of child neglect. Child Welfare."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christ S. L. Kwak Y. Y. Lu T. (2017). Adolescents\u2019 experience of parental psychological caregiving and neglect: Construct development. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 87(3) 326\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ort0000206","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000206"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cl\u00e9ment M.-\u00c8. B\u00e9rub\u00e9 A. Chamberland C. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors of child neglect in the general population. Public Health 138 86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. R. Menon S. V. Shorey R. C. Le V. D. Temple J. R. (2017). The distal consequences of physical and emotional neglect in emerging adults: A person-centered multi-wave longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect 63 151\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen J. R. Thakur H. (2021). Developmental consequences of emotional abuse and neglect in vulnerable adolescents: A multi-informant multi-wave study. Child Abuse & Neglect 111 Article 104811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104811"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","unstructured":"Daniel B. (2017). Challenges of child protection: Responding to child neglect. The Child Youth and Family Work Journal 47(47) 68\u201380. https:\/\/search.informit.org\/doi\/10.3316\/informit.409899492744604"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson-Arad B. Benbenishty R. Chen W. Glasser S. Zur S. Lerner-Geva L. (2010). Distinguishing neglect from abuse and accident: Analysis of the case files of a hospital child protection team in Israel. Health & Social Care in the Community 18(6) 614\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2010.00934.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2010.00934.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeGuerre K. Strolin-Goltzman J. Briar-Lawson K. Gooley B. (2021). Child neglect: Statutes rates and a neglect diversion model. Greenwich Social Work Review 2(2) Article 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21100\/gswr.v2i2.1269","DOI":"10.21100\/gswr.v2i2.1269"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLong-Hamilton T. A. Krase K. Bundy-Fazioli K. (2016). Exploring child welfare workers\u2019 experiences with neglect cases: A qualitative study. Journal of Public Child Welfare 10(1) 21\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548732.2015.1075454","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2015.1075454"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986267"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","unstructured":"DePanfilis D. (2006). Child neglect: A guide for prevention assessment and intervention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Administration for Children and Families; Administration on Children Youth and Families; Children\u2019s Bureau; Office on Child Abuse and Neglect. https:\/\/ocfcpacourts.us\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/3.-Child-Neglect-Guide..pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drake B. Jonson-Reid M. (2018). If we had a crystal ball would we use it? Pediatrics 141(2) Article e20173469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2017-3469","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3469"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubowitz H. (1994). Neglecting the neglect of neglect. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9(4) 556\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F088626094009004010","DOI":"10.1177\/088626094009004010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2018.1543625"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"English D. J. Thompson R. Graham J. C. Briggs E. C. (2005). Toward a definition of neglect in young children. Child Maltreatment 10(2) 190\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559505275178","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559505275178"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enosh G. Alfandari R. Nouman H. Dolev L. Dascal-Weichhendler H. (2021). Assessing consulting reporting heuristics in professional decision-making regarding suspected child maltreatment in community healthcare services. Child Maltreatment 26(3) 291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559520937351","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559520937351"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","unstructured":"Estin A. L. (2010). Global child welfare: The challenges for family law. Okla. Law Review 63 691\u2013722. https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.ou.edu\/olr"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","first-page":"951","volume-title":"Abuse and neglect of children in Israel: Victims, law enforcement and justice, health, education and welfare","author":"Faber M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faber M., Slotsky H. (2007). Between protection and treatment of at risk minors: The role of child protective service workers. In Horowitz D., Ben-Yehuda Y., Hovav M. (Eds.), Abuse and neglect of children in Israel: Victims, law enforcement and justice, health, education and welfare (pp. 951\u2013994). JDC-Ashalim (Hebrew)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feely M. Bosk E. A. (2021). That which is essential has been made invisible: The need to bring a structural risk perspective to reduce racial disproportionality in child welfare. Race and Social Problems 13(1) 49\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12552-021-09313-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-021-09313-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","author":"Foster D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foster D. (2024). An overview of child protection legislation in England (Briefing Paper, 6787).","journal-title":"An overview of child protection legislation in England"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Tackling child neglect: Research, policy and practice","author":"Gorin S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gorin S. (2016). Learning from children and young people about neglect. In Gardner R. (Ed.), Tackling child neglect: Research, policy and practice (pp. 130\u2013165). Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire-Labrecque G. Lafantaisie V. Trocm\u00e9 N. Lacharit\u00e9 C. Li P. Audet G. Sullivan R. Ruiz-Casares M. (2020). \u201cAre we talking as professionals or as parents?\u201d Complementary views on supervisory neglect among professionals working with families in Quebec Canada. Children and Youth Services Review 118 Article 105407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105407"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta A. (2017). Poverty and child neglect\u2014the elephant in the room? Families Relationships and Societies 6(1) 21\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1332\/204674315X14207948135699","DOI":"10.1332\/204674315X14207948135699"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta-Kagan J. (2023). Distinguishing family poverty from child neglect. Iowa Law Review 109 1541\u20131609. https:\/\/scholarship.law.columbia.edu\/faculty_scholarship","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4449089"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","unstructured":"Hall M. A. Wright R. F. (2008). Systematic content analysis of judicial opinions. California Law Review 96(1) 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15779\/z38r99r"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","volume-title":"Literature review to support policy development of services for children living under neglect","author":"Horovitz N.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horovitz N., Barboy R. (2013). Literature review to support policy development of services for children living under neglect. Agora policy."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikhrom I. Dalmeri D. Wahyuni E. Kafipour R. (2023). Public elementary schools\u2019 handling of student neglect and adjustment problems. Frontiers in Education 8 Article 1092395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1092395","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1092395"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","volume-title":"Report to CPOs: Annual report for 2016","author":"IMLSASS","year":"2017","unstructured":"IMLSASS. (2017). Report to CPOs: Annual report for 2016. Israel Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, and Social Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","volume-title":"Report to CPOs: Annual report for 2020","author":"IMLSASS","year":"2021","unstructured":"IMLSASS. (2021). Report to CPOs: Annual report for 2020. Israel Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, and Social Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. (2014). New directions in child abuse and neglect research. The National Academies Press. https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/read\/18826"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonson-Reid M. Chiang C.-J. Kohl P. Drake B. Brown D. Guo S. Kim H. McBride T. (2019). Repeat reports among cases reported for child neglect: A scoping review. Child Abuse & Neglect 92 43\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan S. J. Pelcovitz D. Labruna V. (1999). Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: A review of the past 10 years. Part 1: Physical and emotional abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38(10) 1214\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00009","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobulsky J. M. Dubowitz H. Xu Y. (2020). The global challenge of the neglect of children. Child Abuse & Neglect 110 Article 104296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104296"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laajasalo T. Cowley L. E. Otterman G. Lamela D. Rodrigues L. B. Jud A. . . . Nurmatov U. (2023). Current issues and challenges in the definition and operationalization of child maltreatment: A scoping review. Child Abuse & Neglect 140 Article 106187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106187"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-016-0118-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewin D. Herron H. (2007). Signs symptoms and risk factors: Health visitors\u2019 perspectives of child neglect. Child Abuse Review 16(2) 93\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.949","DOI":"10.1002\/car.949"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517711806"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6044-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrongiello B. A. Cox A. (2020). Issues in defining and measuring supervisory neglect and conceptualizing prevention. Child Indicators Research 13(2) 369\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12187-019-09653-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-019-09653-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naughton A. M. Cowley L. E. Tempest V. Maguire S. A. Mann M. K. Kemp A. M. (2017). Ask me! Self-reported features of adolescents experiencing neglect or emotional maltreatment: A rapid systematic review: Systematic review of adolescent neglect\/emotional maltreatment. Child: Care Health and Development 43(3) 348\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cch.12440","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12440"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer L. Font S. Eastman A. L. Guo L. Putnam-Hornstein E. (2024). What does child protective services investigate as neglect? A population-based study. Child Maltreatment 29(1) 96\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10775595221114144","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595221114144"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell T. M. Davis J. P. (2019). Addressing the social emotional needs of children in chronic poverty: A pilot of the Journey of Hope. Children and Youth Services Review 98 319\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7208-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","unstructured":"Protocol 5.1.1960 Session 24 Knesset of Israel."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebbe R. (2018). What is neglect? State legal definitions in the United States. Child Maltreatment 23(3) 303\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559518767337","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559518767337"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothwell D. W. Gari\u00e9py G. Elgar F. J. Lach L. M. (2019). Trajectories of poverty and economic hardship among American families supporting a child with a neurodisability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 63(10) 1273\u20131284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12666","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12666"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedlak A. J. Schultz D. Wells S. J. Lyons P. Doueck H. J. Gragg F. (2006). Child protection and justice systems processing of serious child abuse and neglect cases. Child Abuse & Neglect 30(6) 657\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slee J. (2012). Addressing systemic neglect of young indigenous children\u2019s rights to attend school in the northern territory Australia. Child Abuse Review 21(2) 99\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.1166","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1166"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M. Bakermans-Kranenburg M. J. Alink L. R. A. Van IJzendoorn M. H. (2014). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review 24(1) 37\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.2353","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stone B. (1998). Child neglect: Practitioners\u2019 perspectives. Child Abuse Review 7(2) 87\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0852(199803\/04)7:2<87::AID-CAR368>3.0.CO;2-7","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0852(199803\/04)7:2<87::AID-CAR368>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straus M. A. Kantor G. K. (2005). Definition and measurement of neglectful behavior: Some principles and guidelines. Child Abuse & Neglect 29(1) 19\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.08.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","unstructured":"The Adoption of Children Law 5741\u20131981."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","unstructured":"The Ministry of Welfare and Social Affairs. (2023). The publication of The Youth Law report for the year 2021. Public Relations statement. https:\/\/www.gov.il\/he\/pages\/molsa-news-young-at-risk-24012023"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","unstructured":"The Penal Law 5737\u20131977."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","unstructured":"The Youth Law (Care and Supervision) 5720\u20131960."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjaden P. Thoennes N. (1992). Predictors of legal intervention in child maltreatment cases. Child Abuse & Neglect 16(6) 807\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90083-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90083-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner H. A. Vanderminden J. Finkelhor D. Hamby S. (2019). Child neglect and the broader context of child victimization. Child Maltreatment 24(3) 265\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559518825312","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559518825312"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Administration for Children and Families Administration on Children Youth and Families & Children\u2019s Bureau. (2023). Child maltreatment 2021. https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/cb\/data-research\/child-maltreatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderminden J. Hamby S. David-Ferdon C. Kacha-Ochana A. Merrick M. Simon T. R. Finkelhor D. Turner H. (2019). Rates of neglect in a national sample: Child and family characteristics and psychological impact. Child Abuse & Neglect 88 256\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_1","unstructured":"Walsh T. Douglas H. (2012). Lawyers\u2019 views of decision-making in child protection matters: The tension between adversarialism and collaborative approaches. Monash University Law Review 38(2) 181\u2013211. https:\/\/doi\/abs\/10.3316\/informit.120390183314106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolock I. Horowitz B. (1984). Child maltreatment as a social problem: The neglect of neglect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 54(4) 530\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1984.tb01524.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1984.tb01524.x"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261439147","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380261439147","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261439147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:34:50Z","timestamp":1777700090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380261439147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380261439147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380261439147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"article-number":"15248380261439147"}}