{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T14:07:30Z","timestamp":1779026850236,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a critical public health and human rights concern, disproportionately affecting immigrant women and shaped by intersecting social, cultural, and systemic inequalities. This review employs thematic synthesis to analyse qualitative evidence on how risk and protective factors influence IPV experiences among immigrant women after arrival in host countries. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted across six databases. A total of 31 studies were included, comprising both fully qualitative studies and the qualitative components of mixed-methods research. The findings indicate that the main risk factors are structural and systemic barriers, cultural norms and gender expectations, internalized barriers, and interpersonal and familial dynamics. In contrast, the protective mechanisms identified include personal empowerment and resilience, culturally sensitive formal support, and practical resources and accessibility. In addition, motherhood, informal social networks, employment, and religious practice emerged as double-edged factors, functioning as either risks or protections depending on policy environments and cultural meanings. Crucially, although this review focuses on IPV after arrival in host countries, the findings indicate that these experiences are deeply embedded in, and often shaped by, a continuum of violence spanning the migration life course. This synthesis advances understanding by situating IPV after arrival within broader life-course and structural violence perspectives, calling for multilevel, intersectional interventions that sustain immigrant women\u2019s safety across migration trajectories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380261440273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:28:43Z","timestamp":1778837323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Continuum of Violence: A Qualitative Synthesis of Risk and Protective Factors of Intimate Partner Violence Among Adult Immigrant Women"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0328-1190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqiu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu lam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5838-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong Gun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu lam, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-00976-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad F. Driver N. McNally M. J. Stewart D. E. (2009). \u201cWhy doesn\u2019t she seek help for partner abuse?\u201d An exploratory study with South Asian immigrant women. Social Science & Med 69(4) 613\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.06.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad F. Rai N. Petrovic B. Erickson P. E. Stewart D. E. (2013). Resilience and resources among South Asian immigrant women as survivors of partner violence. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 15(6) 1057\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-013-9836-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9836-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessi E. J. Cheung S. Kahn S. Yu M. (2021). A scoping review of the experiences of violence and abuse among sexual and gender minority migrants across the migration trajectory. Trauma Violence Abuse 22(5) 1339\u20131355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380211043892","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211043892"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghamdi M. S. Lee B. K. Nagy G. A. (2022). Intimate partner violence among Canadian muslim women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(17\u201318) NP15153\u2013NP15175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211021516","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211021516"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsinai A. Reygers M. DiMascolo L. Kafka J. Rowhani-Rahbar A. Adhia A. Bowen D. Shanahan S. Dalve K. Ellyson A. M. (2023). Use of immigration status for coercive control in domestic violence protection orders. Front Sociol 8 Article 1146102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1146102","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1146102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aujla W. (2021). \u201cIt was like sugar-coated words\u201d: Revictimization when South Asian immigrant women disclose domestic violence. Affilia \u2013 Feminist Inquiry in Social Work 36(2) 182\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886109920916038","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109920916038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer H. M. Rodriguez M. A. Quiroga S. S. Flores-Ortiz Y. G. (2000). Barriers to health care for abused Latina and Asian immigrant women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 11(1) 33\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.2010.0590","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0590"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari S. (2018). South Asian women\u2019s coping strategies in the face of domestic violence in the United States. Health Care for Women International 39(2) 220\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399332.2017.1385615","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2017.1385615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bui H. N. Morash M. (2007). Social capital human capital and reaching out to help with domestic violence: A case study of women in a Vietnamese-American community. Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime Law & Society 20(4) 375\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14786010701758146","DOI":"10.1080\/14786010701758146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu T. Y. (2017). Marriage migration as a multifaceted system: The intersectionality of intimate partner violence in cross-border marriages. Violence Against Women 23(11) 1293\u20131313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801216659940","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216659940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damra J. K. Abujilban S. (2022). Reasons for not seeking professional help by abused refugee women: A qualitative study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(5\u20136) 2877\u20132895 Article 0886260520943731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520943731","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520943731"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Femi-Ajao O. (2018). Intimate partner violence and abuse against Nigerian women resident in England UK: A cross-sectional qualitative study. BMC Womens Health 18(1) 123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-018-0610-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0610-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-07929-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghafournia N. Easteal P. (2021). Help-seeking experiences of immigrant domestic violence survivors in Australia: A snapshot of muslim survivors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(19\u201320) 9008\u20139034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519863722","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519863722"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godoy-Ruiz P. Toner B. Mason R. Vidal C. McKenzie K. (2015). Intimate partner violence and depression among Latin American women in Toronto. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 17(6) 1771\u20131780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-014-0145-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-014-0145-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hulley J. Bailey L. Kirkman G. Gibbs G. R. Gomersall T. Latif A. Jones A. (2022). Intimate partner violence and barriers to help-seeking among Black Asian minority ethnic and immigrant women: A qualitative metasynthesis of global research. Trauma Violence & Abuse 24(2) 1001\u20131015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380211050590","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211050590"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyman I. Mason R. Guruge S. Berman H. Kanagaratnam P. Manuel L. (2011). Perceptions of factors contributing to intimate partner violence among Sri Lankan Tamil immigrant women in Canada. Health Care for Women International 32(9) 779\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399332.2011.569220","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2011.569220"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789292685980"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-18592-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"Surviving sexual violence","author":"Kelly L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kelly L. (2013). Surviving sexual violence. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keygnaert I. Vettenburg N. Temmerman M. (2012). Hidden violence is silent rape: Sexual and gender-based violence in refugees asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. Culture Health & Sexuality 14(5) 505\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2012.671961","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.671961"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim C. (2017). The impact of perceived childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology on intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among Korean immigrant women in the USA. Child Abuse & Neglect 70 82\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.05.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim T. Draucker C. B. Bradway C. Grisso J. A. Sommers M. S. (2017). Somos Hermanas Del Mismo Dolor (We Are Sisters of the Same Pain): Intimate partner sexual violence narratives among Mexican immigrant women in the United States. Violence Against Women 23(5) 623\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801216646224","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216646224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyriakakis S. Dawson B. A. Edmond T. (2012). Mexican immigrant survivors of intimate partner violence: Conceptualization and descriptions of abuse. Violence and Victims 27(4) 548\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.27.4.548","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.27.4.548"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y. Dong F. H. Bullock L. F. C. Bloom T. (2022). Exploring help-seeking experiences of Chinese immigrant survivors of intimate partner violence in the US. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy 14(1) 91\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0001120","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahapatra N. Rai A. (2019). Every cloud has a silver lining but. . . \u201cpathways to seeking formal-help and South-Asian immigrant women survivors of intimate partner violence.\u201d Health Care for Women International 40(11) 1170\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399332.2019.1641502","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2019.1641502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221074321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta P. Gagnon A. J. (2016). Responses of international migrant women to abuse associated with pregnancy. Violence Against Women 22(3) 292\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801215583622","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215583622"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modi M. N. Palmer S. Armstrong A. (2014). The role of the Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner violence: A public health issue. Journal of Women\u2019s Health 23(3) 253\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2013.4387","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison A. M. Campbell J. K. Sharpless L. Martin S. L. (2023). Intimate partner violence and immigration in the United States: A systematic review. Trauma Violence & Abuse 25(1). 846\u2013861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380231165690","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231165690"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz S. (2022). Who they have become: Peruvian migrants and memories of home motherhood and violence. Gender Place & Culture 29(4) 547\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0966369X.2021.1882953","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2021.1882953"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nava A. McFarlane J. Gilroy H. Maddoux J. (2014). Acculturation and associated effects on abused immigrant women\u2019s safety and mental functioning: Results of entry data for a 7-year prospective study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16(6) 1077\u20131084. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10903-013-9816-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9816-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobles J. McKelvey C. (2015). Gender power and emigration from Mexico. Demography (Springer Nature) 52(5) 1573\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-015-0401-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-015-0401-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S. Morash M. (2017). An exploratory study of influences on vulnerabilities to family violence among Vietnamese wives who marry South Korean men. Critical Criminology 25(1) 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10612-016-9339-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-016-9339-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parson N. (2010). \u201cI am not [just] a rabbit who has a bunch of children!\u201d: Agency in the midst of suffering at the intersections of global inequalities gendered violence and migration. Violence Against Women 16(8) 881\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801210376224","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801210376224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-V\u00e1zquez S. Bonilla-Campos A. (2023). Women refugee\u2019s perceptions experiences and coping mechanisms in situations of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV): A metasynthesis. Trauma Violence Abuse 24(5) 3313\u20133327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221126470","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221126470"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pongthippat W. Darvishpour M. Kijsomporn J. \u00d6stlund G. (2018). Broken dreams of a better life in Sweden: Thai women\u2019s lived experiences of intimate partner violence by Swedish men in international marriages. Glob Health Action 11(1) Article 1496889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16549716.2018.1496889","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1496889"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10778010222183107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reina A. S. Lohman B. J. Maldonado M. M. (2014). \u201cHe said they\u2019d deport me\u201d: factors influencing domestic violence help-seeking practices among Latina immigrants. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29(4) 593\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260513505214","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabri B. Simonet M. Campbell J. C. (2018). Risk and protective factors of intimate partner violence among South Asian immigrant women and perceived need for services. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 24(3) 442\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cdp0000189","DOI":"10.1037\/cdp0000189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements","author":"Saltzman L. E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Saltzman L. E., Fanslow J. L., McMahon P. M., Shelley G. A. (1999). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheer J. R. Pachankis J. E. Br\u00e4nstr\u00f6m R. (2022). Gender-based structural stigma and intimate partner violence across 28 countries: A population-based study of women across sexual orientation immigration status and socioeconomic status. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37(11\u201312) NP8941\u2013NP8964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520976212","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520976212"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiu-Thornton S. Senturia K. Sullivan M. (2005). \u201cLike a bird in a cage\u201d: Vietnamese women survivors talk about domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20(8) 959\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260505277677","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505277677"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Violence in the borderlands: A dialogical approach to intimate partner violence among migrant women","volume":"7","author":"Soerens M.-J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Soerens M.-J. (2015). Violence in the borderlands: A dialogical approach to intimate partner violence among migrant women. Psychology and Society, 7, 64\u201382.","journal-title":"Psychology and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto R. Q. Guruge S. Merighi M. A. B. de Jesus M. C. P. (2019). Intimate partner violence among older portuguese immigrant women in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34(5) 961\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516646101","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516646101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souto R. Q. Guruge S. Merighi M. A. B. de Jesus M. C. P. Egit S. Knowles L. (2016). Intimate partner violence among Portuguese speaking immigrant adult women in Canada. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem 50(6) 905\u2013912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0080-623420160000700005","DOI":"10.1590\/s0080-623420160000700005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan M. Senturia K. Negash T. Shiu-Thornton S. Giday B. (2005). \u201cFor us it is like living in the dark\u201d - Ethiopian women\u2019s experiences with domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20(8) 922\u2013940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260505277678","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260505277678"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas J. Harden A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology 8(1) 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurston W. E. Roy A. Clow B. Este D. Gordey T. Haworth-Brockman M. McCoy L. Beck R. R. Saulnier C. Carruthers L. (2013). Pathways into and out of homelessness: Domestic violence and housing security for immigrant women. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies 11(3) 278\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15562948.2013.801734","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2013.801734"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting L. (2010). Out of Africa: Coping strategies of African immigrant women survivors of intimate partner violence. Health Care for Women International 31(4) 345\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399330903348741","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330903348741"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdovinos M. G. Nightingale S. D. Vasquez Reyes M. (2021). Intimate partner violence help-seeking for Latina undocumented immigrant survivors: Feminist intersectional experiences narrated through testimonio. Affilia 36(4) 533\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08861099211000536","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109920985772"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","volume-title":"Violence against women prevalence estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women."}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261440273","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380261440273","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261440273","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T13:49:12Z","timestamp":1779025752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380261440273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380261440273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380261440273","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"article-number":"15248380261440273"}}