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However, it remains unclear whether the TR also influences the outcomes of treatment programs for justice-involved populations. Therefore, this systematic review aims to identify the impact of the TR on treatment outcomes with justice-involved individuals. A comprehensive search was conducted in B-on, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scielo for peer-reviewed quantitative studies providing data on individuals who committed crimes, available in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. A total of 18 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final synthesis. Most of the included studies comprised predominantly male samples convicted of sexual offenses or intimate partner violence\u2013related crimes. Regarding therapists, both genders were represented, along with a diversity of academic backgrounds. In terms of effectiveness, the findings suggest that the TR may exert a stronger influence on proximal, intrapersonal outcomes\u2014such as motivation to change and well-being\u2014than on more distal, behavioral outcomes, including aggression or recidivism. However, the existing studies are scarce and present several methodological limitations. Although the findings suggest the relevance of considering therapists and their training as potential responsivity factors in treatment, further research is needed to draw firm conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380261451838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T07:38:26Z","timestamp":1780126706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Outcomes of the Therapeutic Relationship in Treating Individuals Who Have Committed Crimes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3258-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Labs, Lus\u00f3fona University, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPSI), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Padinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William James Center for Research, ISPA\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Caridade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPSI), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-8572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia","family":"de Castro-Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William James Center for Research, ISPA\u2014Instituto Universit\u00e1rio, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Center (CIPSI), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116473"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annison H. 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