{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T21:47:20Z","timestamp":1782078440231,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 82204071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 82204071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No 82473655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No 82473655"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Over recent decades, research has steadily accumulated evidence on the relationship between childhood maltreatment (CM) and adult intestinal disorders, yet the findings remain inconsistent across studies. To address this, a three-level meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively synthesize existing data, assessing both the overall association and its specificity across disease subtypes and maltreatment types. A comprehensive literature search identified 22 studies (comprising 498,709 participants and 75 effect sizes) from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and PsycINFO databases up to April 2026. Pooled results revealed a significant positive association between CM and the risk of adult intestinal disorders (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.53, 95% CI [1.35, 1.74]). Notably, this association exhibited substantial specificity: irritable bowel syndrome was consistently linked with nearly all maltreatment types (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OR<\/jats:italic>\n                    range: 1.44\u20131.91), while functional dyspepsia showed no statistically significant association. Inflammatory bowel disease is not significantly associated with childhood abuse. Neither Crohn\u2019s disease nor ulcerative colitis showed a significant association with any form of abuse. Sensitivity analyses affirmed the robustness of effect sizes, with no significant publication bias detected. This three-level meta-analysis highlights CM as a notable risk factor for specific adult intestinal disorders, highlighting the need to integrate early-life adversity into etiological models and trauma-informed clinical care for intestinal conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380261460029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T10:41:04Z","timestamp":1781779264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Intestinal Disorders: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faliang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhen","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lincheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengfu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Hefei, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0946-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puyu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Hefei, China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali M. K. Chen J. D. Z. (2023). Roles of heart rate variability in assessing autonomic nervous system in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review. Diagnostics (Basel Switzerland) 13(2) Article 293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13020293","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris E. Lockwood C. Porritt K. Pilla B. Jordan Z. (Eds.). (2024). JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI. https:\/\/synthesismanual.jbi.global","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai Y. Shu C. Hou Y. Wang G.-H. (2024). Adverse childhood experience and depression: The role of gut microbiota. Frontiers in Psychiatry 15 Article 1309022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1309022","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1309022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaucage-Charron J. Rinfret J. Coveney R. Williamson D. (2023). Melatonin and Ramelteon for the treatment of delirium: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 170 Article 111345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blecker M. K. Klusmann H. Engel S. Haering S. Meyer C. Skoluda N. Nater U. M. Knaevelsrud C. Schumacher S. (2025). The predictive role of childhood maltreatment for long-term HPA axis regulation chronic stress and postpartum depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 391 Article 119914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119558378"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_3_8_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bretto E. Urp\u00ec-Ferreruela M. Casanova G. R. Gonz\u00e1lez-Su\u00e1rez B. (2025). The role of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal immune homeostasis and inflammation: Implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Biomedicines 13","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081807"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_3_8_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(8) Article 1807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13081807","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081807"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y. Chen X. Lin S. Huang S. Li L. Hong M. Li J. Ma L. Ma J. (2025). Effects of psychological stress on inflammatory bowel disease via affecting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Chinese Medical Journal 138(6) 664\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003389","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chey W. D. Kurlander J. Eswaran S. (2015). Irritable bowel syndrome: A clinical review. JAMA 313(9) 949\u2013958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.0954","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0954"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinan T. G. Cryan J. Shanahan F. Keeling P. W. N. Quigley E. M. M. (2010). IBS: An epigenetic perspective. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 7(8) 465\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drossman D. A. (2006). The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology 130(5) 1377\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.03.008","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa Dice A. L. Lawn R. B. Ratanatharathorn A. Roberts A. L. Denckla C. A. Kim A. H. De la Rosa P. A. Zhu Y. VanderWeele T. J. Koenen K. C. (2024). Childhood maltreatment and health in the UK Biobank: Triangulation of outcome-wide and polygenic risk score analyses. BMC Medicine 22(1) Article 135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03360-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03360-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford A. C. Mahadeva S. Carbone M. F. Lacy B. E. Talley N. J. (2020). Functional dyspepsia. Lancet 396(10263) 1689\u20131702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30469-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30469-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuller-Thomson E. West K. J. Sulman J. Baird S. L. (2015). Childhood maltreatment is associated with ulcerative colitis but not Crohn\u2019s disease: Findings from a population-based study. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 21(11) 2640\u20132648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000551","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goltser-Dubner T. Benarroch F. Lavon M. Amer R. Canetti L. Giesser R. Kianski E. Martin J. Pevzner D. Blum Weinberg P. Ben-Ari A. Bar-Nitsan M. Alon S. Yshai S. Lotan A. Galili-Weisstub E. Segman R. Shalev A. (2025). Childhood trauma cortisol and immune cell glucocorticoid transcript levels are associated with increased risk for suicidality in adolescence. Molecular Psychiatry 30(8) 3376\u20133383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-025-02923-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-02923-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon J. B. (2021). The importance of child abuse and neglect in adult medicine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 211 Article 173268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He Q. Wang W. Xu D. Xiong Y. Tao C. You C. Ma L. Ma J. (2024). Potential causal association between gut microbiome and posttraumatic stress disorder. Translational Psychiatry 14(1) Article 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-024-02765-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02765-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"Higgins J. Thomas J. Chandler J. Cumpston M. Li T. Page M. (Eds.). (2024). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024). Cochrane. https:\/\/www.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes K. Bellis M. A. Hardcastle K. A. Sethi D. Butchart A. Mikton C. Jones L. Dunne M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health 2(8) e356\u2013e366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan G. G. (2015). The global burden of IBD: From 2015 to 2025. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12(12) 720\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaboycheva G. Conrad M. L. D\u00f6rr P. Dittrich K. Murray E. Skonieczna-\u017bydecka K. Kaczmarczyk M. \u0141oniewski I. Klawitter H. Buss C. Entringer S. Binder E. Winter S. M. Heim C. (2024). Altered gut microbiota patterns in young children with recent maltreatment exposure. Biomolecules 14(10) Article 1313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14101313","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaser A. Zeissig S. Blumberg R. S. (2010). Inflammatory bowel disease. Annual Review of Immunology 28 573\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee A. H. Mahurkar-Joshi S. Naliboff B. Gupta A. Labus J. Tillisch K. Mayer E. Chang L. (2025). Role of sex anxiety and resilience in the association between adverse childhood experiences and irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 23(1) 154\u2013162.e2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins B. Taveira-Gomes T. Gomes J. C. Vidal-Alves M. J. Magalh\u00e3es T. (2024). Adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes: A 20-year real-world study. Frontiers in Medicine 11 Article 1429137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1429137","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1429137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merrick M. T. Ford D. C. Ports K. A. Guinn A. S. Chen J. Klevens J. Metzler M. Jones C. M. Simon T. R. Daniel V. M. Ottley P. Mercy J. A. (2019). Vital signs: Estimated proportion of adult health problems attributable to adverse childhood experiences and implications for prevention \u2014 25 states 2015\u20132017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68(44) 999\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6844e1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6844e1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming H. Tan J. Cao S.-Y. Yu C.-P. Qi Y.-T. Wang C. Zhang L. Liu Y. Yuan J. Yin M. Lei Q.-Y. (2025). NUFIP1 integrates amino acid sensing and DNA damage response to maintain the intestinal homeostasis. Nature Metabolism 7(1) 120\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-024-01179-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01179-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher D. Liberati A. Tetzlaff J. Altman D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery 8(5) 336\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page M. J. McKenzie J. E. Bossuyt P. M. Boutron I. Hoffmann T. C. Mulrow C. D. Shamseer L. Tetzlaff J. M. Akl E. A. Brennan S. E. Chou R. Glanville J. Grimshaw J. M. Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. Lalu M. M. Li T. Loder E. W. Mayo-Wilson E. McDonald S. . . . Moher D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 372 Article n71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittayanon R. Lau J. T. Leontiadis G. I. Tse F. Yuan Y. Surette M. Moayyedi P. (2020). Differences in gut microbiota in patients with vs without inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review. Gastroenterology 158(4) 930\u2013946.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porritt K. McArthur A. Lockwood C. Munn Z. (Eds.). (2020). JBI manual for evidence implementation. JBI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46658\/JBIMEI-20-01","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMEI-20-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powell N. Walker M. M. Talley N. J. (2017). The mucosal immune system: Master regulator of bidirectional gut-brain communications. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 14(3) 143\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priego-Parra B. Triana-Romero A. Lajud-Barqu\u00edn F. De F\u00e1tima Higuera-DelaTijera M. Mart\u00ednez-V\u00e1zquez S. Salgado-\u00c1lvarez G. Garc\u00eda-Mora U. Cruz-M\u00e1rquez M. Cano-Contreras A. Cid H. Remes-Troche J. (2024). Association of adverse childhood experiences with irritable bowel syndrome in Mexican adults: A cross-sectional study. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 36(3) Article e14743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.14743","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian Y. Chen Y. Liu L. Wu T. Chen X. Ma G. (2025). Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutics targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Frontiers in Immunology 16 Article 1676160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1676160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1676160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raskov H. Burcharth J. Pommergaard H.-C. Rosenberg J. (2016). Irritable bowel syndrome the microbiota and the gut-brain axis. Gut Microbes 7(5) 365\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2016.1218585","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1218585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubach A. Quigley B. Lackner J. Gudleski G. (2024). Somatization mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and pain ratings in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 58(10) 1034\u20131042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001974","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001974"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng X. Jin L. Yao Z. Gu J. Zhu L. Huang A. Peng J. Xu X. Ge X. Zhou W. Sheng J. Xu Z. Bai R. (2025). Psychological stress-induced systemic corticosterone directly sabotages intestinal stem cells and exacerbates colitis. Cell Discovery 11(1) Article 46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41421-025-00796-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-025-00796-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao E. Wu Y. Hu C. Zhu Z. Ye D. Long G. Chen B. Guo R. Shu X. Zheng W. Zhang T. Jia X. Du X. Fang M. Jiang M. (2023). Early life stress induces irritable bowel syndrome from childhood to adulthood in mice. Frontiers in Microbiology 14 Article 1255525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1255525","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1255525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomoda A. Nishitani S. Takiguchi S. Fujisawa T. X. Sugiyama T. Teicher M. H. (2025). The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure function and attachment. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 275(7) 1939\u20131958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-024-01779-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01779-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2024 June). Nearly 400 million young children worldwide regularly experience violent discipline at home. UNICEF. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/press-releases\/nearly-400-million-young-children-worldwide-regularly-experience-violent-discipline"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2025 June). Sexual violence. https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-protection\/violence\/sexual-violence\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Noortgate W. L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez J. Mar\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez F. S\u00e1nchez-Meca J. (2013). Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes. Behavior Research Methods 45(2) 576\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang J. Sun M. Liu X. Yan Q. Gao Q. Ni K. Yang J. Zhang S. Zhang C. Shan C. (2024). Transcriptome analysis identifies genetic risk markers and explores the pathogenesis for inflammatory bowel disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Basis of Disease 1870(3) Article 167013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.167013\/","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.167013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Wells G. A. Shea B. O\u2019Connell D. Peterson J. Welch V. Losos M. Tugwell P. (1996). Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. https:\/\/ohri.ca\/en\/who-we-are\/core-facilities-and-platforms\/ottawa-methods-centre\/newcastle-ottawa-scale"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2025). Child maltreatment. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/child-maltreatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie H. Yu S. Tang M. Xun Y. Shen Q. Wu G. (2025). Gut microbiota dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease: Interaction with intestinal barriers and microbiota-targeted treatment options. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 15 Article 1608025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1608025","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1608025"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261460029","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380261460029","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261460029","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T20:49:02Z","timestamp":1782074942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380261460029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380261460029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380261460029","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"article-number":"15248380261460029"}}