{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:18:16Z","timestamp":1788337096142,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexual assault evidence kits (SAEKs) are a tool that may be used to collect medical and forensic evidence from sexual assault survivors. The SAEK is completed by healthcare providers, processed by forensic scientists, and used by police\/prosecutors in the criminal justice system. Evidence from the United States has identified a myriad of factors that have led to unprocessed and unused SAEKs. However, research on the SAEK process in Canada is inconsistent and lacks a synthesis of the evidence. Thus, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify and synthesize the literature on SAEKs in Canada. Studies were eligible if they were Canadian peer-reviewed studies exploring collection, processing, use, or survivors\u2019 experiences with SAEKS; the sample included adult survivors of sexual assault, and articles were published in English\/French. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines were followed. Databases were searched from 1979 through 2025, yielding 28 papers that met the inclusion criteria. Articles were synthesized narratively. Overall, there was a dearth of literature on the diverse components of SAEKs, though research on collection indicated that most sexual assault survivors who received care underwent the SAEK process. Healthcare providers often deviated from SAEK standards when collecting medical forensic evidence, and SAEKs were typically not predictive of police charging decisions. The presence of injuries and biological evidence was perceived as important to case outcomes. Moreover, while survivors were satisfied with the care they received, some found the SAEK process stressful. Additional research and policy are needed to ensure effective SAEK processes in Canada that support survivors and optimize evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380261476688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:43:26Z","timestamp":1788165806000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sexual Assault Evidence Kits in Canada: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3739-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodie","family":"Murphy-Oikonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liubov","family":"Turlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9246-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"McQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212453867"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderden M. Cross T. P. Vlajnic M. Siller L. (2021). Prosecutors\u2019 perspectives on biological evidence and injury evidence in sexual assault cases. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(7\u20138) 3880\u20133902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518778259","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518778259"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazinet M. Larose J. No\u00ebl S. Comte J. Primeau M. Lapointe M. Paquet C. Landry R. Croteau L. Gingras F. (2020). Data driven optimization of sexual assault case processing. Forensic Science International. Synergy 2 164\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.05.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.05.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Genital injuries following sexual assault of women with and without prior sexual intercourse experience","volume":"159","author":"Biggs M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Biggs M., Stermac L. E., Divinsky M. (1998). Genital injuries following sexual assault of women with and without prior sexual intercourse experience. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 159(1), 33\u201337.","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","volume-title":"Access to Sexual Assault Evidence Kits and Provision of Sexual Assault Education Act","author":"Bill 108","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bill 108. (2022). Access to Sexual Assault Evidence Kits and Provision of Sexual Assault Education Act, 2nd Sess, 42nd Leg, Ontario, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell R. Feeney H. Fehler-Cabral G. Shaw J. Horsford S. (2017). The national problem of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs): Scope causes and future directions for research policy and practice. Trauma Violence & Abuse 18(4) 363\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838015622436","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015622436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell R. Fehler-Cabral G. (2018). Why police \u201ccouldn\u2019t or wouldn\u2019t\u201d submit sexual assault kits for forensic DNA testing: A focal concerns theory analysis of untested rape kits. Law & Society Review 52(1) 73\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lasr.12310","DOI":"10.1111\/lasr.12310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell R. Javorka M. Gregory K. Vollinger L. Ma W. (2021). The right to say no: Why adult sexual assault patients decline medical forensic exams and sexual assault kit evidence collection. Journal of Forensic Nursing 17(1) 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000315","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000315"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell F. Tricco A. C. Munn Z. Pollock D. Saran A. Sutton A. White H. Khalil H. (2023). Mapping reviews scoping reviews and evidence and gap maps (EGMs): The same but different \u2013 The \u201cBig Picture\u201d review family. Systematic Reviews 12(1) Article 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-023-02178-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02178-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter-Snell C. Jakubec S. Hagen B. (2020). Collaboration with rural and remote communities to improve sexual assault services. Journal of Community Health 45(2) 377\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-019-00744-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-019-00744-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalmers K. Parameswaran R. Dussault N. Farnan J. Oyola S. Carter K. (2023). Impact of sexual assault survivor identity on patient care in the emergency department. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(3\u20134) 3244\u20133278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221104522","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221104522"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandramani A. Dussault N. Parameswaran R. Rodriguez J. Novack J. Ahn J. Oyola S. Carter K. (2020). A needs assessment and educational intervention addressing the care of sexual assault patients in the emergency department. Journal of Forensic Nursing 16(2) 73\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000290","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","unstructured":"Cotter A. (2024). Criminal justice outcomes of sexual assault in Canada 2015 to 2019. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics 1 3\u201356. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/85-002-x\/2024001\/article\/00007-eng.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","volume-title":"Understanding review types in research","author":"Covidence","year":"2025","unstructured":"Covidence. (2025). Understanding review types in research. Covidence."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cross T. P. Siller L. Vlajnic M. Alderden M. (2022). The relationship of DNA evidence to prosecution outcomes in sexual assault cases. Violence Against Women 28(15\u201316) 3910\u20133932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012221077124","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221077124"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Kosa D. Macdonald S. Benoit A. Forte T. (2017). A comparison of Indigenous and non-Indigenous survivors of sexual assault and their receipt of and satisfaction with specialized health care services. PLoS ONE 12(11) Article e0188253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0188253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Kosa D. Yang R. Solomon S. Macdonald S. (2017). Determining the effectiveness of an Elder Abuse Nurse Examiner curriculum: A pilot study. Nurse Education Today 55 71\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.05.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Macdonald S. White M. Turner L. White D. Kaplan S. Smith T. (2014). Client satisfaction with nursing-led sexual assault and domestic violence services in Ontario. Journal of Forensic Nursing 10(3) 122\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000035","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. McGregor M. J. (2004). Sexual assault in the lives of urban sex workers: A descriptive and comparative analysis. Women & Health 39(3) 79\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J013v39n03_06","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v39n03_06"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Parnis D. (2000). Sexual assault and legal resolution: Querying the medical collection of forensic evidence. Medicine and Law 19(4) 779\u2013792. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/11289647"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Constructing bodily evidence through sexual assault evidence kits","volume":"10","author":"Du Mont J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Du Mont J., Parnis D. (2001). Constructing bodily evidence through sexual assault evidence kits. Griffith Law Review, 10(1), 63\u201376.","journal-title":"Griffith Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Parnis D. (2003). Forensic nursing in the context of sexual assault: Comparing the opinions and practices of nurse examiners and nurses. Applied Nursing Research 16(3) 173\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0897-1897(03)00044-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0897-1897(03)00044-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Parnis D. (2004). The doctor\u2019s dilemma: Caregiving and medicolegal evidence collection. Medicine and Law 23(3) 515\u2013529. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15532945"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Saad M. Kosa S. D. Kia H. Macdonald S. (2020). Providing trans-affirming care for sexual assault survivors: An evaluation of a novel curriculum for forensic nurses. Nurse Education Today 93 Article 104541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2020.104541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2020.104541"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. White D. McGregor M. J. (2009). Investigating the medical forensic examination from the perspectives of sexually assaulted women. Social Science & Medicine 68(4) 774\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.11.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du Mont J. Woldeyohannes M. Macdonald S. Kosa D. Turner L. (2017). A comparison of intimate partner and other sexual assault survivors\u2019 use of different types of specialized hospital-based violence services. BMC Women\u2019s Health 17(1) Article 59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0408-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0408-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunlap H. Brazeau P. Stermac L. Addison M. (2004). Acute forensic medical procedures used following a sexual assault among treatment-seeking women. Women & Health 40(2) 53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J013v40n02_04","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v40n02_04"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Defining the facts of rape: The uses of medical evidence in sexual assault trials","volume":"9","author":"Feldberg G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Feldberg G. (1997). Defining the facts of rape: The uses of medical evidence in sexual assault trials. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 9(1), 89.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Women and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada. (2022 August 12). The Operation HONOUR manual. Chapter 6 \u2013 Tools and resources. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/department-national-defence\/services\/benefits-military\/conflict-misconduct\/sexual-misconduct\/orders-policies-directives\/operation-honour-manual\/tools-and-resources.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper S. B. Davis A. Shepp V. O\u2019Callaghan E. Maskaly J. (2024). What\u2019s missing matters: Examining missing data problems in sexual assault kit data. Deviant Behavior 45(4) 543\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2023.2255914","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2023.2255914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manning S. Rattray-Te Mana H. (2022). Health and justice: Experiences of the forensic medical examination after sexual assault. Forensic Science International: Reports 6 Article 100297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsir.2022.100297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsir.2022.100297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGregor M. J. Du Mont J. Myhr T. L. (2002). Sexual assault forensic medical examination: Is evidence related to successful prosecution? Annals of Emergency Medicine 39(6) 639\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mem.2002.123694","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2002.123694"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Examination for sexual assault: Is the documentation of physical injury associated with the laying of charges? A retrospective cohort study","volume":"160","author":"McGregor M. J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"McGregor M. J., Le G., Marion S. A., Wiebe E. (1999). Examination for sexual assault: Is the documentation of physical injury associated with the laying of charges? A retrospective cohort study. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 160(11), 1565\u20131569.","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McQueen K. Murphy-Oikonen J. Miller A. Chambers L. (2021). Sexual assault: Women\u2019s voices on the health impacts of not being believed by police. BMC Women\u2019s Health 21(1) 217\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-021-01358-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01358-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitka M. Hy\u017cy P. (2025). Modern rape myths: A systematic review of perceptions in Western and Central-Eastern Europe. Trauma Violence & Abuse. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380251382518","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380251382518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher D. Liberati A. Tetzlaff J. Altman D. G. (2009). Reprint\u2014Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Physical Therapy 89(9) 873\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/89.9.873","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/89.9.873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muldoon K. A. Drumm A. Leach T. Heimerl M. Sampsel K. (2018). Achieving just outcomes: Forensic evidence collection in emergency department sexual assault cases. Emergency Medicine Journal 35(12) 746\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/emermed-2018-207485","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2018-207485"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy-Oikonen J. Chambers L. Miller A. McQueen K. (2022). Sexual assault case attrition: The voices of survivors. SAGE Open. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21582440221144612","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440221144612"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","volume-title":"Hospital guidelines for the treatment of persons who have been sexually assaulted","author":"Ontario Hospital Association","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ontario Hospital Association. (2012). Hospital guidelines for the treatment of persons who have been sexually assaulted (2nd ed.). Ontario Hospital Association.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","unstructured":"Ontario Hospital Association (OHA). (2018). Hospital guidelines for the treatment of persons who have been sexually assaulted (3rd ed.). Ontario Hospital Association. https:\/\/www.deslibris.ca\/ID\/236786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","unstructured":"Ontario Hospital Association (OHA). (n.d.). Ontario\u2019s hospitals. Retrieved May 24 2026 from https:\/\/www.oha.com\/about-oha\/Ontario-Hospitals"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parnis D. Du Mont J. (2002). Examining the standardized application of rape kits: An exploratory study of post-sexual assault professional practices. Health Care for Women International 23(8) 846\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399330290112362","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330290112362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters M. D. J. Marnie C. Tricco A. C. Pollock D. Munn Z. Alexander L. McInerney P. Godfrey C. M. Khalil H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis 18(10) 2119\u20132126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinlan A. (2016). Suspect survivors: Police investigation practices in sexual assault cases in Ontario Canada. Women & Criminal Justice 26(4) 301\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08974454.2015.1124823","DOI":"10.1080\/08974454.2015.1124823"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salerno-Ferraro A. C. Jung S. (2022). To charge or not to charge? Police decisions in Canadian sexual assault cases and the relevance of rape myths. Police Practice & Research 23(5) 539\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15614263.2021.2002150","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2021.2002150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampsel K. Szobota L. Joyce D. Graham K. Pickett W. (2009). The impact of a sexual assault\/domestic violence program on ED care. Journal of Emergency Nursing 35(4) 282\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jen.2008.07.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2008.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stermac L. E. Stirpe T. S. (2002). Efficacy of a 2-year-old sexual assault nurse examiner program in a Canadian hospital. Journal of Emergency Nursing 28(1) 18\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/men.2002.119975","DOI":"10.1067\/men.2002.119975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stermac L. Dunlap H. Bainbridge D. (2005). Sexual assault services delivered by SANEs. Journal of Forensic Nursing 1(3) 124\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2005.tb00029.x","DOI":"10.1097\/01263942-200509000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart M. L. Shackel R. Freedman E. Templeton D. J. (2024). Adult sexual assault patients\u2019 experience of the physical examination component of the medical forensic examination: A scoping review to identify gaps in the research literature. Trauma Violence & Abuse 25(1) 663\u2013679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380231158606","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231158606"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmermans S. Murphy-Oikonen J. Rice K. (2026). \u201cNot without judgment\u201d: Sociocultural barriers to accessing sexual assault evidence kits in rural and remote Northwestern Ontario. Violence Against Women 32(9) 2796\u20132817. 10778012251362217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012251362217","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012251362217"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricco A. C. Lillie E. Zarin W. O\u2019Brien K. K. Colquhoun H. Levac D. Moher D. Peters M. D. J. Horsley T. Weeks L. Hempel S. Akl E. A. Chang C. McGowan J. Stewart L. Hartling L. Aldcroft A. Wilson M. G. Garritty C. . . . Straus S. E. (2018). PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine 169(7) 467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi-org.ezproxy.lakeheadu.ca\/10.7326\/M18-0850","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallenborn J. K. (2022). Why sexual assault kits were not tested: A systematic review. Criminology Criminal Justice Law and Society 23(3) 22\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54555\/ccjls.5382.56907","DOI":"10.54555\/ccjls.5382.56907"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White D. Du Mont J. (2009). Visualizing sexual assault: An exploration of the use of optical technologies in the medico-legal context. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 68(1) 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White D. McMillan L. (2021). [De]-centering the victim: Police perceptions of victims of sexual violence through a comparative lens of evidence collection and processing. Feminist Criminology 16(5) 680\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15570851211031991","DOI":"10.1177\/15570851211031991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2024 March 25). Violence against women. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-women"}],"container-title":["Trauma, Violence, &amp; Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261476688","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15248380261476688","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15248380261476688","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T07:47:46Z","timestamp":1788335266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15248380261476688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15248380261476688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380261476688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8380","1552-8324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8380","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8324","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"15248380261476688"}}