{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:07:41Z","timestamp":1781258861275,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]],"date-time":"2011-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Promotion Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The rate of HIV infection among African Americans is disproportionately higher than for other racial groups in the United States. Previous research suggests that low level of health literacy (HL) is an underlying factor to explain racial disparities in the prevalence and incidence of HIV\/AIDS. The present research describes a community and university project to develop a culturally tailored HIV\/AIDS HL toolkit in the African American community. Paulo Freire\u2019s pedagogical philosophy and problem-posing methodology served as the guiding framework throughout the development process. Developing the HIV\/AIDS HL toolkit occurred in a two-stage process. In Stage 1, a nonprofit organization and research team established a collaborative partnership to develop a culturally tailored HIV\/AIDS HL toolkit. In Stage 2, African American community members participated in focus groups conducted as Freirian cultural circles to further refine the HIV\/AIDS HL toolkit. In both stages, problem posing engaged participants\u2019 knowledge, experiences, and concerns to evaluate a working draft toolkit. The discussion and implications highlight how Freire\u2019s pedagogical philosophy and methodology enhances the development of culturally tailored health information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839911416649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,19]],"date-time":"2011-11-19T01:52:55Z","timestamp":1321667575000},"page":"626-636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Problem Posing and Cultural Tailoring"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"R. V.","family":"Rikard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine S.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta","family":"McNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance of AIDS Services\u2013Carolina, Raleigh, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caressa","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.22.2.166"},{"key":"bibr2-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0065675"},{"key":"bibr3-1524839911416649","first-page":"1120","volume":"99","author":"Amzel A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of National Medical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-1524839911416649","first-page":"62","volume":"31","author":"Barndt D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Convergence"},{"key":"bibr5-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798403259245"},{"key":"bibr6-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839910367578"},{"key":"bibr7-1524839911416649","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010a). HIV among African Americans. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/aa\/pdf\/aa.pdf"},{"key":"bibr8-1524839911416649","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010b). HIV surveillance report, 2008: Vol. 20. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/surveillance\/resources\/reports\/2008report\/pdf\/2008SurveillanceReport.pdf"},{"key":"bibr9-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30094-1"},{"key":"bibr10-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.40153.x"},{"key":"bibr11-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-30"},{"key":"bibr12-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2003.06.002"},{"key":"bibr13-1524839911416649","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Handbook of research on schools, schooling, and human development","author":"Eccles J. S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr14-1524839911416649","volume-title":"Pedagogy of the oppressed","author":"Freire P.","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr15-1524839911416649","unstructured":"The Harvard School of Public Health, the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation, and ICR\/International Communications Research. (2005). Americans\u2019 views of disparities in health care. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.rwjf.org\/files\/research\/Disparities_Survey_Report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyn004"},{"key":"bibr17-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/351096"},{"key":"bibr18-1524839911416649","first-page":"717","volume":"38","author":"Hicks G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Family Medicine"},{"key":"bibr19-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984950212004"},{"key":"bibr20-1524839911416649","volume-title":"Survey of Americans on HIV\/AIDS","author":"Kaiser Family Foundation","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr21-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14681810701811787"},{"key":"bibr22-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926599010003002"},{"key":"bibr23-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198102251021"},{"key":"bibr24-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490309552174"},{"key":"bibr25-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984950212003"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr26-1524839911416649","first-page":"59","volume":"20","author":"Landrine H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Western Journal of Black Studies"},{"key":"bibr27-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558700057001S10"},{"key":"bibr28-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.2.398"},{"key":"bibr29-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.74.2.171"},{"key":"bibr30-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00302.x"},{"key":"bibr31-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.86.2.197"},{"key":"bibr32-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/023K-58E7-6TM8-3RRM"},{"key":"bibr33-1524839911416649","unstructured":"Neuhauser L. (2001). Participatory design for better interactive health communication: A statewide model in the USA. Electronic Journal of Communication\/La Revue Electronique de Communication, 11(3). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cios.org\/ejcpublic\/011\/3\/01134.html"},{"key":"bibr34-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/10883"},{"key":"bibr35-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.4.673"},{"key":"bibr36-1524839911416649","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Black psychology","author":"Nobles W. W.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr37-1524839911416649","first-page":"134","volume":"20","author":"Parker K. D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Western Journal of Black Studies"},{"key":"bibr38-1524839911416649","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Measures of health literacy: Workshop summary","author":"Pleasant A.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr39-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2010.12.006"},{"key":"bibr40-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2010.0154"},{"key":"bibr41-1524839911416649","unstructured":"Robinson S. (2006, August 28). What Barack Obama can do for Africa\u2014and vice versa. Time. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/nation\/article\/0,8599,1423977,00.html"},{"key":"bibr42-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000209897.59384.52"},{"key":"bibr43-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00194-0"},{"key":"bibr44-1524839911416649","volume-title":"In plain language: The need for effective communication in medicine and public health","author":"Rudd R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr45-1524839911416649","unstructured":"Russell S. (2006, August 15). Black leaders call for more HIV testing: Disease disproportionately affects African American women. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.avert.org\/hiv-african-americans.htm#refs"},{"key":"bibr46-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107780040200800105"},{"key":"bibr47-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00264.x"},{"key":"bibr48-1524839911416649","volume-title":"Southern states manifesto: Update 2008: HIV\/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases in the South","author":"Southern AIDS Coalition","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr49-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18043\/ncm.68.5.368"},{"key":"bibr50-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.18043\/ncm.68.5.377","volume":"68","author":"State Center of Health Statistics","year":"2007","journal-title":"North Carolina Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr51-1524839911416649","volume-title":"National Action Plan to improve health literacy","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr52-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818801500402"},{"key":"bibr53-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/9.1.105"},{"key":"bibr54-1524839911416649","volume-title":"The psychology of Blacks: An African-American perspective","author":"White J.","year":"1990","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr55-1524839911416649","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019810002700506"},{"key":"bibr56-1524839911416649","volume-title":"Skills-based health education including life skills: An important component of a child-friendly\/health-promoting school","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr57-1524839911416649","volume-title":"Advancing health literacy: A framework for understanding and action","author":"Zarcadoolas C.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Health Promotion Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1524839911416649","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1524839911416649","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1524839911416649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:22:35Z","timestamp":1777450955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1524839911416649"}},"subtitle":["Developing an HIV\/AIDS Health Literacy Toolkit With the African American Community"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1524839911416649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524839911416649","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8399","1552-6372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8399","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,18]]}}}