{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:37:13Z","timestamp":1782743833362,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]],"date-time":"2015-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Promotion Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A political attempt in the United Kingdom to address health inequalities in the past decade has been the government\u2019s initiative to employ local health trainers (HTs) or health trainer champions (HTCs) to support disadvantaged individuals with aspects of their health-related behaviors. HT\/HTCs provide health-related information and support to individuals with healthy eating, physical activity, and smoking cessation. They undertake community engagement and direct individuals to relevant health services. They differ in that HTs are trained to provide health interventions to individuals or groups and to make referrals to specialist health care services when necessary. This article provides an evaluation of HT\/HTCs interventions across three sites, including one prison, one probation service (three teams), and one mental health center. An evaluation framework combining process and outcome measures was employed that used mixed methods to capture data relating to the implementation of the service, including the context of the HT\/HTCs interventions, the reactions of their clients, and the outcomes reported. It was found that HT\/HTCs interventions were more effective in the prison and mental health center compared with the probation site largely as a result of contextual factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839915572802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]],"date-time":"2015-03-20T23:33:25Z","timestamp":1426894405000},"page":"756-764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Can Health Trainers Make a Difference With Difficult-to-Engage Clients? A Multisite Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne","family":"Kerlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BBC, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0261547022000026391"},{"key":"bibr2-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17556228200700023"},{"key":"bibr3-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14623730.2012.719303"},{"key":"bibr4-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13563890122209720"},{"key":"bibr5-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Evaluating interprofessional education: A United Kingdom review for health and social care","author":"Barr H.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr6-1524839915572802","unstructured":"Baybutt M., Dooris M. (2011). Evaluation of Rochdale offender health trainers\u2019 demonstration project: Report of findings (NHS, North West Health Trainer Partnership). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.uclan.ac.uk\/research\/explore\/projects\/assets\/rochdale_probation_oht_evaluation_report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-1524839915572802","volume-title":"New futures health trainers: An impact assessment","author":"Brooker C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr8-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0349.2008.00529.x"},{"key":"bibr9-1524839915572802","unstructured":"Data Collection Reporting System. (2010). Health trainers DRCS (National HUB Report). Retrieved from http:\/\/healthtrainersengland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/National_Health_Trainer_DCRSv11_201012071.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Evaluation of the Derbyshire health trainer programme","author":"Denness H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr11-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Public health white paper: Choosing health: Making healthy choices easier","author":"Department of Health","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr12-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Healthy lives: Healthy people","author":"Department of Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr13-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913913486036"},{"key":"bibr14-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Principles of leadership","author":"DuBrin A. J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr15-1524839915572802","unstructured":"Humphrey A. (2005, December). SWOT analysis for management consulting. SRI Alumni Newsletter. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sri.com\/sites\/default\/files\/brochures\/dec-05.pdf"},{"key":"bibr16-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Evaluating training programs: The four levels","author":"Kirkpatrick D. L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr17-1524839915572802","unstructured":"Mason L., Knuckey S., Perkins C., Bellis M. (2011). Health trainers in the North West: A report commissioned by the North West health trainer partnership (NHS, North West Public Health Observatory). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nwph.net\/nwpho\/Publications\/healthtrainers.pdf"},{"key":"bibr18-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Improving health: Changing behaviour: NHS health trainer handbook","author":"Michie S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr19-1524839915572802","first-page":"1","author":"Morgan A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Care Improvement, February"},{"key":"bibr20-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2014.888429"},{"key":"bibr21-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Gloucestershire community health trainer service: Annual report 2010-2011","author":"Preston I.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr22-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913913481931"},{"key":"bibr23-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.56.3.324"},{"key":"bibr24-1524839915572802","first-page":"15","volume":"1","author":"Sirdifield C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health Workforce Development"},{"key":"bibr25-1524839915572802","volume-title":"An evaluation of the Bradford district health trainers\u2019 programme: An early adopter site","author":"South J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr26-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1466424007081791"},{"key":"bibr27-1524839915572802","volume-title":"The art of case study research","author":"Stake R. E","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr28-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Basics of qualitative research techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory","author":"Strauss A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr29-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdm046"},{"key":"bibr30-1524839915572802","unstructured":"Triangle Consulting Social Enterprise. (2009). Outcomes Star\u2122. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.outcomesstar.org.uk\/"},{"key":"bibr31-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Evaluation of management training","author":"Warr P.","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr32-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Scarborough health trainer service: Evaluation report for the period January to October 2010","author":"White J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr33-1524839915572802","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913913490853"},{"key":"bibr34-1524839915572802","volume-title":"Applied social research methods series: Vol. 5. Case study research: Design and methods","author":"Yin R. K.","year":"2009","edition":"4"}],"container-title":["Health Promotion Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1524839915572802","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1524839915572802","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1524839915572802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:24:03Z","timestamp":1777451043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1524839915572802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1524839915572802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524839915572802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-8399","1552-6372"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-8399","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6372","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]]}}}