{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:29:47Z","timestamp":1777678187403,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R36DA059418-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R36DA059418-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CE003356-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CE003356-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Promotion Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We explored the prevalence and correlates of intention to use a harm reduction vending machine (HRVM) among people who use drugs (PWUD) in Nevada (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 219) from 2022 to 2023. Participants responded to a cross-sectional survey assessing HRVM awareness, intent to use, desired inventory, perceived barriers and facilitators of use, drug use patterns, and sociodemographics. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and Poisson regression models were conducted. Observations were excluded from the analysis if the demographic variables were missing (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6) or if participants reported having used an HRVM before (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 23), resulting in an analytic sample of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 190. Results indicated that 30% of participants were aware of HRVMs and 69% expressed intent to use one. Intention to use a HRVM was less common among people who identified as Hispanic and more common among people whose most common source of drug use supplies was a syringe service program. Perceived barriers included not knowing the HRVM locations, lack of transportation, and surveillance concerns. Conversely, perceived facilitators included access to needed supplies, free supplies, and 24\/7 access. While awareness of HRVMs was low, future intent to use one was high, suggesting that HRVMs are an acceptable form of service delivery among PWUD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15248399261437138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:14:31Z","timestamp":1776413671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intention to Initiate Harm Reduction Vending Machine Use Among People Who Use Drugs: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Correlates"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3448-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia Rae","family":"Kirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessie","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1983-0795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Clements-Nolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0673-2483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7120-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla D.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad F. Cisewski J. Rossen L. Sutton P. (2025 June 3). Provisional drug overdose death counts [Government]. National Center for Health Statistics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc\/20250305008","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/20250305008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen S. T. Schneider K. E. Conrad M. Hughes P. O\u2019Rourke A. Reid M. C. Chavers C. Kemp C. G. Walls M. (2025). Implementing public health vending machines on the reservation lands of the Bois Forte Band of Chippewa (United States). Harm Reduction Journal 22(1) 90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-025-01244-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-025-01244-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros A. J. Hirakata V. N. (2003). Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. 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(2019). Syringe services programs: An examination of legal policy and funding barriers in the midst of the evolving opioid crisis in the U.S. International Journal of Drug Policy 70 22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin R. DaCunha A. Bailey A. Joseph R. Kane K. (2025). Evaluating public health vending machine rollout and utilization in criminal-legal settings. Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment 169 209584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero R. Friedman J. R. Goodman-Meza D. Shover C. L. (2023). US drug overdose mortality rose faster among Hispanics than non-Hispanics from 2010-2021. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 246 109859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw L. C. Brown E. A. Creegan E. Bertrand T. E. Ogundare S. Park C. J. Berk J. Chan P. A. Marshall B. D. L. (2025). Comparing harm reduction vending machines and in-person overdose prevention services in practice: A case study from Rhode Island. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice 31(4) 574\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHH.0000000000002128","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000002128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith L. R. Earnshaw V. A. Copenhaver M. M. Cunningham C. O. (2016). Substance use stigma: Reliability and validity of a theory-based scale for substance-using populations. 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Attaway P. R. Ray B. (2024). Naloxone vending machines in county jail. Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment 167 209521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young A. M. Jahangir T. Belton I. Freeman E. Livingston M. D. (2025). Likelihood of using a harm reduction vending machine among rural people who inject drugs in Appalachian Kentucky. International Journal of Drug Policy 137 104709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang A. Carrillo M. Liu R. Ballard S. M. Reedy-Cooper A. Zgierska A. E. (2025). Vending machines for reducing harm associated with substance use and use disorders and co-occurring conditions: A systematic review. 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