{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T07:10:31Z","timestamp":1782371431516,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R41HL150963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41HL150963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"NHLBI Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R42HL153436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R42HL153436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Endovasc Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a potentially life-threatening condition in which blood clots form in the venous system. Recently, a number of endovascular thrombectomy devices have been introduced to treat acute DVT. Given their varied efficacy and safety profiles, a clear need exists for further device innovation and enhancement. However, a major limitation in the testing, verification, and validation of new thrombectomy devices is a clinically representative large animal model of acute DVT. Unfortunately, existing approaches to creating DVT in porcine models are time-consuming, technically challenging, and yield inconsistent results. We therefore developed a rapid, technically straightforward, and reproducible protocol for induction of large-volume iliocaval DVTs in a living porcine host. This approach involves sequestering the iliocaval venous segment with standard balloon occlusion catheters, and a controlled limited infusion of a 25% ethanol solution within the sequestered static segment. We observed that this method was safe, technically straightforward, and reproducible in producing large-volume acute DVTs. We believe that this technique can be utilized as a standardized DVT model in the testing of future endovascular venous thrombectomy devices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study establishes a rapid, technically straightforward, and reproducible porcine large animal model for acute iliocaval deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The procedure can be performed with basic endovascular skillsets. With its procedural efficiency and consistency, the platform is promising for comparative in vivo testing of venous thrombectomy devices in a living host, and for future verification and validation studies to determine efficacy of novel thrombectomy devices relative to predicates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15266028241231513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T04:05:45Z","timestamp":1707969945000},"page":"2247-2256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vivo Porcine Model of Acute Iliocaval Deep Vein Thrombosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sophia H.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5607-1463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usama","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caeli Vascular, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger A.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caeli Vascular, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Elizondo-Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy M.","family":"Genin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Caeli Vascular, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Zayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Innovation in Surgery and Engineering Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Caeli Vascular, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0801082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-03-0162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.09.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2017.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2016_103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1597761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. DEFIANCE: RCT of ClotTriever system versus anticoagulation in deep vein thrombosis (DEFIANCE). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05701917. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Treatment of chronic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) with the EkoSonic\u00ae endovascular system (ACCESS PTS). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02159521. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy study of omniwave endovascular system to treat deep vein thrombosis (SONIC I). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00640731. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. DUTCH CAVA-trial: catheter versus anticoagulation alone for acute primary (Ilio)femoral DVT (NL28394). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00970619. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in combination with endhole aspiration in the treatment of acute DVT (INDIGO). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04297787. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Preservation of venous valvular function after PMT for acute DVT (PREFER). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05588284. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Rheolytic thrombectomy for acute deep vein thrombosis of whole lower limb. https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05286710. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy study of OmniWave endovascular system to treat deep vein thrombosis (SONIC I). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT00640731. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Single session percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of ilio-femoral deep vein thrombosis: a preliminary evaluation (SPADE). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02066597. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. The venous thrombus extraction (VETEX) clinical study: a preliminary investigation (VETEX). https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03489135. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. ClotTriever Outcomes (CLOUT) Registry (CLOUT) https:\/\/beta.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03575364. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2017.08.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091862"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.2.622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002709900270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2003.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61482-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Cook Incorporated. CODA Balloon Catheter. https:\/\/ifu.cookmedical.com\/ifuPub\/ReadFile?fileName=T_CODA2_REV3.PDF. Published 2019. Accessed December 27 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700900124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59526-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.29500"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov. Bolt: study of the indigo\u00ae aspiration system when used in patients with deep vein thrombosis. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05003843. Accessed February 16 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-014-0925-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2015.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2020.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2016.11.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2018.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2021.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2021.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X211073974"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2020.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120958595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61753-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2022.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2020.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2022.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Summary of safety and effectiveness data AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy system. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/devicesatfda\/index.cfm?db=pma&id=319870. Published 1999. Accessed October 25 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-1440-1-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.109773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315754"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","first-page":"907","article-title":"[Endovascular treatment for venous malformations with three-point anhydrous ethanol injection]","volume":"40","author":"Wu Q","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu Q, Li J, Lei S, et al. [Endovascular treatment for venous malformations with three-point anhydrous ethanol injection]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2015;40(8):907\u2013911.","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endovascular Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15266028241231513","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15266028241231513","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15266028241231513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T09:03:31Z","timestamp":1779008611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15266028241231513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15266028241231513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15266028241231513","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-6028","1545-1550"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-6028","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1550","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]}}}