{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:37:40Z","timestamp":1788439060527,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011500","name":"Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prog Transpl"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With 116 000 people waiting for transplants and 8000 patients dying annually on waiting lists, the United States has a considerable organ shortage. An insufficient number of Americans have registered to become organ donors when obtaining driver\u2019s licenses or ID cards. Across states, there is considerable variability in organ donor registration rates as well as driver\u2019s license applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this project was to describe the variability in the phrasing of the organ donor registration question by state bureaus of motor vehicles as well as other application questions that might influence this decision. In particular, the frequency of states employing empirically supported messages to increase donor registrations was ascertained. The content and phrasing of 46 different driver\u2019s license applications was coded in regard to seeking organ donor registrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No states used the empirically supported strategies of reciprocity, descriptive norms, or loss\/gain framing from the interdisciplinary field of behavioral economics. Twelve states used injunctive norms to signify social approval for organ donation. Many state applications had lengthy organ donation sections and health questions that could discourage donor registrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an extremely low use of empirically supported messages to increase organ donation registrations in driver\u2019s license applications in the United States. Opportunities exist for thoughtful consideration of the wording of driver\u2019s license applications. States interested in exploring ways to increase donations could undertake controlled variation of applications to test the effects of message framing on registration rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1526924819835832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T23:15:46Z","timestamp":1552000546000},"page":"173-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Are There Missed Opportunities to Maximize Organ Donation Registrations? An Examination of Driver\u2019s License Applications Across the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Tumin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Bickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly E.","family":"Hoagwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Don","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"},{"name":"Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Programs, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1526924819835832","unstructured":"Donate Life America. Organ, Eye, and Tissue Donation Statistics. https:\/\/www.donatelife.net\/statistics. Cited December 4, 2017. Accessed September 20, 2018."},{"key":"bibr2-1526924819835832","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation. 2012 national survey of organ donation attitudes and behaviors. https:\/\/www.organdonor.gov\/dtcp\/nationalsurveyorgandonation.pdf. Cited May 8, 2017. Accessed September 20, 2018."},{"key":"bibr3-1526924819835832","unstructured":"Donate Life America. 2015 Annual Update. https:\/\/www.donatelife.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/2015-DLA_Annual-Report_FINAL-for-onscreen-viewing.pdf. Cited December 5, 2016. 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Applying behavioural insights to organ donation. https:\/\/www.behaviouralinsights.co.uk\/publications\/applying-behavioural-insights-to-organ-donation. Cited August 1, 2018. Accessed September 20 2018."},{"key":"bibr17-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383111"},{"key":"bibr18-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.11.004"},{"key":"bibr19-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2006.00290.x"},{"key":"bibr20-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1121066"},{"key":"bibr21-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01917.x"},{"key":"bibr22-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1526924816663518"},{"key":"bibr23-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2015.1095815"},{"key":"bibr24-1526924819835832","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler JB, Roth AE. Don\u2019t take \u2018No\u2019 for an answer: an experiment with actual organ donation registrations. Working Paper 20378. 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