{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T08:50:23Z","timestamp":1791535823033,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Policy, Politics, &amp; Nursing Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In several states, commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is now a reportable child abuse offense. Illinois has taken the lead in tackling the issue and the Illinois experience illuminates valuable lessons. This article delineates the protection, practice, and policy implications that evolve when CSEC falls under a state child welfare system. The specific aims are to (a) discuss CSEC, its victims, risks, harms, and challenges inherent in providing effective care; (b) use Illinois as an exemplar to explicate the consequences and implementation challenges of establishing a state reporting system that frames CSEC as a child welfare issue; (c) recommend strategies for developing effective state reporting models, and (d) demonstrate how nurses are well poised to advocate for victims of human trafficking on both state and national levels. Recommendations for improving the identification of CSEC victims and overcoming challenges to state implementation are offered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1527154415583124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]],"date-time":"2015-04-23T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1429826543000},"page":"17-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and State Child Welfare Systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dawn","family":"Bounds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wrenetha A.","family":"Julion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.10.025"},{"key":"bibr2-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Albanese, J. (2007).\n                      Commercial sexual exploitation of children: What do we know and what do we do about it?\n                      (National Institute of Justice Special Report NCJ 215733). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/215733.pdf."},{"key":"bibr3-1527154415583124","unstructured":"American Nurses Association. (2005). The nurse\u2019s role in ethics and human rights: Protecting and promoting individual worth, dignity, and human rights in practice settings. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/MainMenuCategories\/Policy-Advocacy\/Positions-and-Resolutions\/ANAPositionStatements\/Position-Statements-Alphabetically\/Nursess-Role-in-Ethics-and-Human-Rights.pdf."},{"key":"bibr4-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks, D. & Kyckelhahn, T. (2011). Characteristics of suspected human trafficking incidents, 2008-2010 (Special Report NCJ 233732). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs\u2019 Bureau of Justice Statistics website: http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/cshti0810.pdf.","DOI":"10.1037\/e725812011-001"},{"key":"bibr5-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2008.04.011"},{"key":"bibr6-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busch-Armendariz, N., Nsonwu, M. & Heffron, L. (2011). Human trafficking victims and their children: Assessing needs, vulnerabilities, strengths, and survivorship.\n                      Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 2\n                      (1). Retrieved from http:\/\/digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=childrenatrisk.","DOI":"10.58464\/2155-5834.1022"},{"key":"bibr7-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Child Victims\u2019 and Child Witnesses\u2019 Rights Act (18 U.S.C. \u00a73509). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/uscode\/text\/18\/3509."},{"key":"bibr8-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1064"},{"key":"bibr9-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.05.031"},{"key":"bibr10-1527154415583124","volume-title":"Sex trafficking: A clinical guide for nurses","author":"De Chesnay M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr12-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Estes, R. & Weiner, N. (2002).\n                      The commercial sexual exploitation of children in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.\n                      Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work, Center for the Study of Youth Policy. Retrieved from http:\/\/abolitionistmom.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/Complete_CSEC_0estes-weiner.pdf."},{"key":"bibr13-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2009.06.018"},{"key":"bibr14-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2011.01259.x"},{"key":"bibr15-1527154415583124","first-page":"131","volume":"2","author":"Hopper E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Open Health Services and Policy Journal"},{"key":"bibr16-1527154415583124","first-page":"29","volume":"16","author":"Hyland K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice"},{"key":"bibr17-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Child & Family Services. (2011).\n                      Child abuse and neglect allegations\n                      (Section 300.APPENDIX B). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ilga.gov\/commission\/jcar\/admincode\/089\/08900300zz9996br.html."},{"key":"bibr18-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Child & Family Services. (2013).\n                      Policy Guide 2013.05: Allegation of Harm #40\/90 Human Trafficking of Children.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.illinois.gov\/dcfs\/aboutus\/notices\/Documents\/policy_guide_2013.05.pdf."},{"key":"bibr19-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Child & Family Services. (2014a).\n                      Child abuse and neglect statistics\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.illinois.gov\/dcfs\/aboutus\/newsandreports\/Documents\/DCFS_Annual_Statistical_Report_FY2013.pdf."},{"key":"bibr20-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Illinois Department of Child & Family Services. (2014b).\n                      Illinois Department of Child & Family Services Manual for Mandated Reporters.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.illinois.gov\/dcfs\/safekids\/reporting\/Documents\/cfs_1050-21_mandated_reporter_manual.pdf."},{"key":"bibr21-1527154415583124","volume-title":"Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States","author":"Institute of Medicine and National Research Council","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr22-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Kaufka Walts, French, K., Moore, H. & Ashai, S. (2011).\n                      Building a child welfare response to child trafficking.\n                      International Organization for Adolescents: Chicago: The Center for the Human Rights of Children & International Organization for Adolescents. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.luc.edu\/chrc\/pdfs\/Building_Child_Welfare_Response_to_Child_Trafficking.pdf."},{"key":"bibr23-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Kaufka Walts, K. & Lee, C. (Eds.). (2011).\n                      Human trafficking and exploitation of children and youth in the United States.\n                      Chicago: The Center for the Human Rights of Children. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.luc.edu\/chrc\/pdfs\/Conference_Outcome_Document_2011.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr24-1527154415583124","first-page":"181","volume":"55","author":"Kotrla K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"National Association of Social Workers"},{"key":"bibr25-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838008327262"},{"key":"bibr26-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838010390709"},{"key":"bibr27-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801210386771"},{"key":"bibr46-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClanahan, S., McClelland, G., Abram, K. & Teplin, L. (1999). Pathways into prostitution among female jail detainees and their implications for mental health services.\n                      Psychiatric Services\n                      ,\n                      50\n                      (12), 1606\u20131613.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.12.1606"},{"key":"bibr28-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509349443"},{"key":"bibr45-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, K., Jones, L., Finkelhor, D. & Wolak. (2011). Internet-facilitated commercial sexual exploitation of children: Findings from a nationally representative sample of law enforcement agencies in the United States.\n                      Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment\n                      ,\n                      23\n                      (1), 43\u201371. doi:10.1177\/1079063210374347.","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210374347"},{"key":"bibr29-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10538710903485591"},{"key":"bibr30-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2012.03.017"},{"key":"bibr31-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Polaris Project. (2010).\n                      Public Act 96-1464: Illinois\u2019 Safe Children Act\u2014Summary.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/g.virbcdn.com\/_f\/files\/98\/FileItem-147964 ILSafeChildrenActSummaryNov2010FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"bibr32-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08974451003641206"},{"key":"bibr33-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000394289.55577.b6"},{"key":"bibr34-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Shared Hope International. (n.d.).\n                      Demand: A comparative examination of sex tourism and trafficking in Jamaica, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/sharedhope.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/09\/DEMAND.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr35-1527154415583124","first-page":"265","volume":"23","author":"Smith L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regent University Law Review"},{"key":"bibr36-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/nctic\/trauma.asp."},{"key":"bibr37-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Trafficking in Persons Report. (2011). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.state.gov\/j\/tip\/rls\/tiprpt\/2011\/index.htm."},{"key":"bibr38-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-010-9098-2"},{"key":"bibr39-1527154415583124","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2005).\n                      Convention on the rights of the child: Original protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography.\n                      Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/crc\/index_30204.html."},{"key":"bibr40-1527154415583124","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau (2014).\n                      Child Maltreatment 2013\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/cm2013.pdf#page=20."},{"key":"bibr41-1527154415583124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109907299052"},{"key":"bibr42-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-386 (2000, October 28). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.state.gov\/documents\/organization\/10492."},{"key":"bibr43-1527154415583124","unstructured":"Watson, L. & Edelman, P. (2012). Improving the juvenile justice system for girls: Lessons from the states. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncjfcj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Improving%20the%20Juvenile%20Justice%20System%20for%20Girls.pdf."},{"key":"bibr44-1527154415583124","volume-title":"Pathways into and out of commercial sexual victimization of children: Understanding and responding to sexually exploited teens","author":"Williams L. M.","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Policy, Politics, &amp; Nursing Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1527154415583124","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1527154415583124","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1527154415583124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:47:37Z","timestamp":1777700857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1527154415583124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1527154415583124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1527154415583124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-1544","1552-7468"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-1544","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-7468","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]}}}