{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:10:50Z","timestamp":1792069850210,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":297,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci Public Interest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become \u201caddicted\u201d? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive \u201cwanting\u201d to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619860513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T05:50:17Z","timestamp":1570513817000},"page":"96-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Bechara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Southern California"},{"name":"Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent C.","family":"Berridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren K.","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center & Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Mor\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney B.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Recovery Research Center & Center for Transformative Research on Health Behaviors, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044056-9\/50043-9"},{"key":"bibr2-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.08.019"},{"key":"bibr3-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02448.x"},{"key":"bibr4-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12017"},{"key":"bibr5-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13535"},{"key":"bibr6-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200603000-00025"},{"key":"bibr7-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648"},{"key":"bibr8-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01804-0"},{"key":"bibr9-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019"},{"key":"bibr10-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137171"},{"key":"bibr11-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2003.04.001"},{"key":"bibr12-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1584"},{"key":"bibr13-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00015-5"},{"key":"bibr14-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00136-6"},{"key":"bibr15-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00016-7"},{"key":"bibr16-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.1.152"},{"key":"bibr17-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.034"},{"key":"bibr18-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x"},{"key":"bibr19-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-016-9286-3"},{"key":"bibr20-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.018"},{"key":"bibr21-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000059"},{"key":"bibr22-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01313-6"},{"key":"bibr23-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2689-x"},{"key":"bibr24-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004"},{"key":"bibr25-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.06.013"},{"key":"bibr26-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x"},{"key":"bibr27-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2017.09.009"},{"key":"bibr28-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016"},{"key":"bibr29-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000115"},{"key":"bibr30-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.009"},{"key":"bibr31-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51721-6_8"},{"key":"bibr32-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.08.017"},{"key":"bibr33-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.05.008"},{"key":"bibr34-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0849"},{"key":"bibr35-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.08.014"},{"key":"bibr36-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091179"},{"key":"bibr37-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/Jneurosci.2551-07.2007"},{"key":"bibr38-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.12.1386"},{"key":"bibr39-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200609000-00020"},{"key":"bibr40-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17.3.417"},{"key":"bibr41-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12390"},{"key":"bibr42-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.11.003"},{"key":"bibr43-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00253"},{"key":"bibr44-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283618ac8"},{"key":"bibr45-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-120165"},{"key":"bibr46-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.002"},{"key":"bibr47-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000068965"},{"key":"bibr48-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CCC.2012.07.004"},{"key":"bibr49-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4458-13.2014"},{"key":"bibr50-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00026"},{"key":"bibr51-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2017.78.106"},{"key":"bibr52-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.10.009"},{"key":"bibr53-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559"},{"key":"bibr54-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366"},{"key":"bibr55-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(02)01960-5"},{"key":"bibr56-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01455.x"},{"key":"bibr57-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22436"},{"key":"bibr58-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.01.001"},{"key":"bibr59-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00200-3"},{"key":"bibr60-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.020"},{"key":"bibr61-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)00020-9"},{"key":"bibr62-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555"},{"key":"bibr63-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0248-y"},{"key":"bibr64-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PBB.2006.12.001"},{"key":"bibr65-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.04.018"},{"key":"bibr66-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3622"},{"key":"bibr67-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001321"},{"key":"bibr68-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.03.006"},{"key":"bibr69-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2013.07.010"},{"key":"bibr70-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613488780"},{"key":"bibr71-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.01.012"},{"key":"bibr72-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.05.018"},{"key":"bibr73-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.10.032"},{"key":"bibr74-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000317"},{"key":"bibr75-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.001"},{"key":"bibr76-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464"},{"key":"bibr77-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.005"},{"key":"bibr78-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100618821893"},{"key":"bibr79-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.018"},{"key":"bibr80-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0815"},{"key":"bibr81-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.0000000000000005"},{"key":"bibr82-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.003"},{"key":"bibr83-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.3.309"},{"key":"bibr84-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818430116"},{"key":"bibr85-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.06.009"},{"key":"bibr86-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214463"},{"key":"bibr87-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11091421"},{"key":"bibr88-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612460685"},{"key":"bibr89-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0089"},{"key":"bibr90-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(01)00088-1"},{"key":"bibr91-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579"},{"key":"bibr92-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122414-033457"},{"key":"bibr93-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2014.12.012"},{"key":"bibr94-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00110-2"},{"key":"bibr95-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000141642.39065.9B"},{"key":"bibr96-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.01.002"},{"key":"bibr97-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu137"},{"key":"bibr98-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/002205102320161311"},{"key":"bibr99-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318296e9d5"},{"key":"bibr100-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/465281"},{"key":"bibr101-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-007-9034-x"},{"key":"bibr102-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9246-9"},{"key":"bibr103-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.915012"},{"key":"bibr104-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntt172"},{"key":"bibr105-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.32"},{"key":"bibr106-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.11.004"},{"key":"bibr107-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1159-2"},{"key":"bibr108-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1635"},{"key":"bibr109-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.002"},{"key":"bibr110-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3119"},{"key":"bibr111-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-014-9416-3"},{"key":"bibr112-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.029"},{"key":"bibr113-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0028-3932(99)00158-x"},{"key":"bibr114-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701375293"},{"key":"bibr115-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.03.024"},{"key":"bibr116-1529100619860513","volume-title":"The psychology of learning","author":"Guthrie E. R.","year":"1935"},{"key":"bibr117-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-06-02369.2000"},{"key":"bibr118-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00126-6"},{"key":"bibr119-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35018000"},{"key":"bibr120-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.02.053"},{"key":"bibr121-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.07.002"},{"key":"bibr122-1529100619860513","first-page":"455","volume":"105","author":"Harlow K. C.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"bibr123-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2012.660110"},{"key":"bibr124-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.01.024"},{"key":"bibr125-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00677"},{"key":"bibr126-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.07.008"},{"key":"bibr127-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.12.009"},{"key":"bibr128-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.021"},{"key":"bibr129-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050169"},{"key":"bibr130-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3321-04.2004"},{"key":"bibr131-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.29.2.298"},{"key":"bibr132-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1053-15.2015"},{"key":"bibr133-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11059-000"},{"key":"bibr134-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14188"},{"key":"bibr135-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005483"},{"key":"bibr136-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.012"},{"key":"bibr137-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-02-00483.1992"},{"key":"bibr138-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.019"},{"key":"bibr139-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1837-8_7"},{"key":"bibr140-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12001"},{"key":"bibr141-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12104"},{"key":"bibr142-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x"},{"key":"bibr143-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.1.78"},{"key":"bibr144-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05631"},{"key":"bibr145-1529100619860513","first-page":"149","volume":"3","author":"Koneru A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"bibr146-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.52"},{"key":"bibr147-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110"},{"key":"bibr148-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612457575"},{"key":"bibr149-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0596-2"},{"key":"bibr150-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1747"},{"key":"bibr151-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006"},{"key":"bibr152-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027391"},{"key":"bibr153-1529100619860513","first-page":"379","volume":"290","author":"Le Bars D.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de l'Acad\u00e9mie Des Sciences. S\u00e9rie D, Sciences Naturelles"},{"key":"bibr154-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019450"},{"key":"bibr155-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.236"},{"key":"bibr156-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-10-62"},{"key":"bibr157-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2333"},{"key":"bibr158-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.45"},{"key":"bibr159-1529100619860513","volume-title":"Memoirs of an addicted brain","author":"Lewis M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr160-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-016-9293-4"},{"key":"bibr161-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.01.018"},{"key":"bibr162-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.04.002"},{"key":"bibr163-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.01.003"},{"key":"bibr164-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.04.012."},{"key":"bibr165-1529100619860513","unstructured":"Lipari R. N., Ahrnsbrak R. D., Pemberton M. R., Porter J. D. (2017, September). Risk and protective factors and estimates of substance use initiation: Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. CBHSQ Data Review. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK481723"},{"key":"bibr166-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00143-7"},{"key":"bibr167-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38191"},{"key":"bibr168-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.334"},{"key":"bibr169-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.06.027"},{"key":"bibr170-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90062-3"},{"key":"bibr171-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0"},{"key":"bibr172-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1064-1297.5.3.256"},{"key":"bibr173-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.12.058"},{"key":"bibr174-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00422-0"},{"key":"bibr175-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200407000-00030"},{"key":"bibr176-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013597"},{"key":"bibr177-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00480"},{"key":"bibr178-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12561"},{"key":"bibr179-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100907"},{"key":"bibr180-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5061-14.2015"},{"key":"bibr181-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095869"},{"key":"bibr182-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.01.034"},{"key":"bibr183-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2005.01.022"},{"key":"bibr184-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167"},{"key":"bibr185-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.4.687"},{"key":"bibr186-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/.1360-0443.2009.02777.x"},{"key":"bibr187-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2009.11.003"},{"key":"bibr188-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.012"},{"key":"bibr189-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5355-7"},{"key":"bibr190-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TINS.2008.09.009"},{"key":"bibr191-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0268-7"},{"key":"bibr192-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135926"},{"key":"bibr193-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300527"},{"key":"bibr194-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/24781"},{"key":"bibr195-1529100619860513","volume-title":"Medications to treat opioid addiction are effective and save lives, but barriers prevent broad access and use, says new report","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr196-1529100619860513","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). What is the scope of cocaine use in the United States? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/cocaine\/what-scope-cocaine-use-in-united-states"},{"key":"bibr197-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3862-14.2015"},{"key":"bibr198-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214605109"},{"key":"bibr199-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2010.04.003"},{"key":"bibr200-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00179"},{"key":"bibr201-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2017.07.011"},{"key":"bibr202-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.02.014"},{"key":"bibr203-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2011.96-423"},{"key":"bibr204-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00111-3"},{"key":"bibr205-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00179-4"},{"key":"bibr206-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1165"},{"key":"bibr207-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.05.006"},{"key":"bibr208-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90137-D"},{"key":"bibr209-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01071.x"},{"key":"bibr210-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S64077"},{"key":"bibr211-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.02.014"},{"key":"bibr212-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890190108"},{"key":"bibr213-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2015.1074502"},{"key":"bibr214-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.026"},{"key":"bibr215-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-016-9295-2"},{"key":"bibr216-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802139283"},{"key":"bibr217-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws326"},{"key":"bibr218-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.11.003"},{"key":"bibr219-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00313-6"},{"key":"bibr220-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.06.021"},{"key":"bibr221-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1472-0"},{"key":"bibr222-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3878.444"},{"key":"bibr223-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P"},{"key":"bibr224-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237"},{"key":"bibr225-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.06.025"},{"key":"bibr226-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-133x(98)00091-8"},{"key":"bibr227-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13776"},{"key":"bibr228-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.412"},{"key":"bibr229-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02087.x"},{"key":"bibr230-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525x07002178"},{"key":"bibr231-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.06.002"},{"key":"bibr232-1529100619860513","first-page":"9","volume":"17","author":"Schiltenwolf M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"bibr233-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.019"},{"key":"bibr234-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.147"},{"key":"bibr235-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.12.006"},{"key":"bibr236-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2007.06.003"},{"key":"bibr237-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00158-1"},{"key":"bibr238-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6712a1"},{"key":"bibr239-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0400-07.2007"},{"key":"bibr240-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90225-4"},{"key":"bibr241-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.05.001"},{"key":"bibr242-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.030."},{"key":"bibr243-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/ksmith"},{"key":"bibr244-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.11.002"},{"key":"bibr245-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13112"},{"key":"bibr246-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2011.605592"},{"key":"bibr247-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034534"},{"key":"bibr248-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036128"},{"key":"bibr249-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.6.2046"},{"key":"bibr250-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-017-9908-1"},{"key":"bibr251-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4410-y"},{"key":"bibr252-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.001933"},{"key":"bibr253-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1"},{"key":"bibr254-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.111.630004"},{"key":"bibr255-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.4603"},{"key":"bibr256-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617696511"},{"key":"bibr257-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.276.5321.2048"},{"key":"bibr258-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4036-14.2015"},{"key":"bibr259-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.030"},{"key":"bibr260-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004"},{"key":"bibr261-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004"},{"key":"bibr262-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2229"},{"key":"bibr263-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.012"},{"key":"bibr264-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2711-15.2015"},{"key":"bibr265-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.371"},{"key":"bibr266-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00601"},{"key":"bibr267-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409348066"},{"key":"bibr268-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9256-1-9"},{"key":"bibr269-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-018-9384-6"},{"key":"bibr270-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.954027"},{"key":"bibr271-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.3.318"},{"key":"bibr272-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00236-9"},{"key":"bibr273-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480"},{"key":"bibr274-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.09.017"},{"key":"bibr275-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.13.62"},{"key":"bibr276-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102419"},{"key":"bibr277-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1"},{"key":"bibr278-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079239"},{"key":"bibr279-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200703000-00020"},{"key":"bibr280-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.008"},{"key":"bibr281-1529100619860513","volume-title":"Encarta World English Dictionary","author":"Willpower","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr282-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80079-1"},{"key":"bibr283-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1146"},{"key":"bibr284-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.06.003"},{"key":"bibr285-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.39"},{"key":"bibr286-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.01.019"},{"key":"bibr287-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.05.025"},{"key":"bibr288-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802097530"},{"key":"bibr289-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617709090808"},{"key":"bibr290-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.04.023"},{"key":"bibr291-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1987.tb02667.x"},{"key":"bibr292-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.027"},{"key":"bibr293-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12914"},{"key":"bibr294-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/Bf03395609"},{"key":"bibr295-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.003"},{"key":"bibr296-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BANDC.2009.08.014"},{"key":"bibr297-1529100619860513","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.048"}],"container-title":["Psychological Science in the Public Interest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1529100619860513","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1529100619860513","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1529100619860513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:59:50Z","timestamp":1777701590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1529100619860513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":297,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1529100619860513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100619860513","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-1006","1539-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-1006","type":"print"},{"value":"1539-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}