{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:26:14Z","timestamp":1777940774398,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Herbs and their products are a source for drug discovery, and most of all synthetic drugs originate from them. The present study was designed to evaluate the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n efficacy, as well as the potential mechanisms, of\n Rhanterium epapposum<\/jats:italic>\n essential oil (REE), \u03b2-myrcene (MC), camphene (CP), and limonene (LN) alone and in combination with pyrimethamine (PYM) against\n Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n , the effectiveness of REE and its components on tachyzoites, the infectivity rate, caspase-3 activity, and nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) genes were evaluated. In the\n in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n assays, infected mice received REE, MC, CP, and LN either alone or in combination with PYM for 2 weeks. Subsequently, the number and diameter of tissue cysts, oxidant\/antioxidant enzyme levels, inflammatory cytokines, and bradyzoite surface antigen 1 (BAG1) gene expression were examined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The best 50% inhibitory concentration values were reported for MC + LN, PYM + MC, and MC + CP, with values of 12.1, 15.4, and 16.6 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. REE and its primary compounds significantly increased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) NO release (6.6\u201314.1 nM), caspase-3 activity, and the expression levels of inducible NO synthase and IFN-\u03b3 genes in cells. In addition, significantly decreased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) the number (0.0\u2013115.3 cysts) and size (0.0\u201383.1 nm) of tissue cysts, oxidative stress markers, decreased the expression levels of IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, and BAG1 (0.48\u20135.10 fold change), while, significantly increased (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) glutathione peroxidase (1.65\u20135.12 U\/mg) and superoxide dismutase (31.9\u201374.1 U\/mg) levels in the infected mice.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n We demonstrated the high\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n efficacy of REE and its principal compounds against chronic toxoplasmosis. The highest efficacy was observed following combination therapy of\n T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n -infected mice with PYM and these compounds, with a significant difference noted compared with PYM alone. However, further trials must validate these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667251371872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T11:26:29Z","timestamp":1762773989000},"page":"679-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Promising Effects of\n Rhanterium epapposum<\/i>\n L. and Its Main Compounds Alone and Combined with Pyrimethamine Against\n Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n Infection"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Areej Jameel","family":"Alghabban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifa A.","family":"Alqhatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah D.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectroscopy","author":"Adams RP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Adams RP. 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