{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:42:12Z","timestamp":1791618132678,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease that can affect humans and animals. It is often transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated animal products or by direct contact with infected animals. In Kenya, data on human and animal brucellosis are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of human brucellosis in Kenya, we randomly selected from the healthy participants with possible exposure to animals and animal products and randomly selected 348 out of 2,779 human blood samples, that were obtained from a larger longitudinal cohort study that investigated of dengue, chikungunya and Rift Valley Disease exposure in western (Kisumu) and coastal (Ukunda) Kenya.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our study included 126 males (36%), 222 females (64%) in different age categories, and 61 children aged 16 years and younger (18%), with an overall median age of 29.5 years (2- to 75-year age range). Samples were tested by Abnova Brucella IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit (KA0954). Of the tested individuals, anti-Brucella IgG antibodies were detected in 96 (28%) of 348 randomly selected participants. All samples yielded negative results in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. There was no statistically significant correlation between Brucella exposure and study site, gender, age, socioeconomic status, ownership of particular livestock (sheep, goats, and cattle), or consumption of raw animal products. However, highly educated individuals were more likely to have Brucella exposure (odds ratio = 2.02, 1.20\u20133.41,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In comparison to previous seroprevalence-based studies conducted in nonpastoral Kenyan communities, our study revealed relatively higher seropositivity. This article emphasizes the importance of conducting surveillance for brucellosis in urban areas. Urban brucellosis surveillance within the framework of One Health could serve as a baseline to guide future research on brucellosis in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667251392007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T01:00:22Z","timestamp":1762045222000},"page":"143-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brucellosis Seroprevalence in Humans and Risk Factors Among High-Risk Groups at Two Urban Populations in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Esra","family":"Buyukcangaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethel Alebel","family":"Bayrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Pinnamaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ichura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis Maluki","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryson Alberto","family":"Ndenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelle Desiree","family":"LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-47628-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88327-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45772-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2021.106182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/acsj.v24i1.5S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"Corbel MJ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations World Health Organization & World Organisation for Animal Health. (2006). Brucellosis in humans and animals. (WHO\/CDS\/EPR\/2006.7). Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/43597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10121623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.15259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70286-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218860120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-oh.2021.4.9.27024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007506"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08157-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1199664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","unstructured":"Mangen M-J Otte J Pfeiffer D Chilonda P. (2002). Bovine brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Estimation of sero-prevalence and impact on meat and milk offtake potential. Food and Agriculture Organization Livestock Information and Policy Branch AGAL. Livestock Policy Discussion Paper No. 8. Available from: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/87a85ab6-3e0c-4e34-85d9-0f7701687c3f\/content"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00249-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06654-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.1999.0586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-891X.1000215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30178-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1031639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00229-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)05361-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3532-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01453-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416041-5.00015-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1290-1293.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","unstructured":"The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke\/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.OH-0017-2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","volume-title":"Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2020","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 6th ed. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","unstructured":"Ukunda in Kwale (Coastal Kenya). n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.citypopulation.de\/en\/kenya\/coast\/kwale\/0209__ukunda\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia.org. Kisumu. n.d.a. Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kisumu"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","unstructured":"Wikipedia.org. Ukunda. n.d.b. Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukunda#cite_note-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","unstructured":"WOAH. Brucellosis (Infection with B. abortus B. melitensis and B. suis). n.d.b. Available from: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Health_standards\/tahm\/3.01.04_BRUCELLOSIS.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","unstructured":"WOAH. One health strategic plan for the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases in Kenya (2021-2025). n.d.a. Available from: https:\/\/www.onehealthcommission.org\/documents\/filelibrary\/resources\/one_health_strategic_action_plans\/OneHealthStrategicPlan_Kenya_202120_8756689A2C54E.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00073-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007366"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15303667251392007","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15303667251392007","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15303667251392007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:00:36Z","timestamp":1777701636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15303667251392007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15303667251392007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15303667251392007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}