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Here, we present the first whole-genome characterization of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bavariensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain KW3, isolated from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes granulatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the Kangwon region of South Korea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genome assembly was achieved using a hybrid approach combining PacBio and Illumina sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The KW3 genome consists of a linear chromosome and 12 plasmids, totaling 1.33 Mbp comprising 1,310 annotated genes. Comparative analyses revealed that strain KW3 is most closely related to Japanese strains NT24 and JAASAAF1029. In multiple phylogenetic trees, strain KW3 consistently clustered within the Japanese clade but formed a distinct subbranch, suggesting regional diversification. Several plasmids showed evidence of fusion or divergence, including lp32-10_lp28-4, lp32-10_lp36, and cp32-6_cp32-12, which displayed partial similarity to plasmids of European\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia garinii<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains PBes (Germany) and 20047 (France). Key plasmid-borne virulence genes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ospA, ospB, ospC, dbpA, dbpB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were fully conserved in strain KW3 and closely matched those of Japanese strains. In contrast, the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vlsE<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus, typically located on lp28-8 in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bavariensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , was absent, possibly due to plasmid loss during\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      culture.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the first complete genome sequence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. bavariensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolate from South Korea and highlights its close relationship to Japanese isolates while revealing unique plasmid features and virulence gene profiles. These findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance to monitor the circulation, evolution, and pathogenic potential of this tick-borne pathogen across East Asia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667251409504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T04:42:11Z","timestamp":1766724131000},"page":"12-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Whole Genome Characterization of\n                    <i>Borrelia bavariensis<\/i>\n                    Strain KW3 Isolated from\n                    <i>Ixodes Granulatus<\/i>\n                    in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hyungsuk","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea."},{"name":"Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea."},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences &amp; 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