{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:26:21Z","timestamp":1777940781370,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Foreign Office","award":["Building a network of laboratories in Pakistan to"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Building a network of laboratories in Pakistan to"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n \n Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n , the causative agent of Q fever, remains poorly understood in Pakistan, despite its clinical relevance in both humans and ruminants. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of\n C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n in rodents.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Rodents were captured in urban settings across three districts of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 300 serum samples were collected from rodents belonging to the Muridae family (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 268) and the Sciuridae family (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 32). Samples were screened for\n C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n antibodies using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n An overall seroprevalence of 12.7% (38\/300) was observed, with a higher prevalence in males compared with females (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Using multiple logistic regression, age was identified as a potential risk factor for\n C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n in rodents, with 14.1% (37\/262) of adult rodents testing positive for\n C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n antibodies, compared with a 2.6% (1\/38) detection rate in juvenile rodents.\n Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n antibodies were detected in five rodent species,\n Tatera indica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Millaria meltada<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Rattus rattus,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n with seroprevalence ranging from 7.8% to 23.3%, depending on the species.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n This detection of\n C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n in rodents residing in populated regions of Punjab, Pakistan indicates pathogen exposure. Additional studies, including molecular testing are needed to confirm their role as pathogen reservoirs.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667251409801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T04:42:35Z","timestamp":1766724155000},"page":"34-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serological Detection and Risk Analysis of\n Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n in Rodents of Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Freeha","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahzad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Mertens-Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany."},{"name":"Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asima","family":"Azam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora G.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."},{"name":"One Health Center of Excellence, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"von Fricken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."},{"name":"One Health Center of Excellence, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tooba","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ina-Gabriele","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Research Centre of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Bad Langensalza, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.11.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"A serological investigation of Q fever in Pakistan","volume":"37","author":"Ahmed IP","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ahmed IP. A serological investigation of Q fever in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 1987; 37(5):126\u2013129.","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084576"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04421-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060664"},{"issue":"03","key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Q fever\u2013United States, 2013: Recommendations from CDC and the Q fever working group","volume":"62","author":"Anderson A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson A, , Bijlmer H, , Fournier PE. Diagnosis and management of Q fever\u2013United States, 2013: Recommendations from CDC and the Q fever working group. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2013; 62(RR-03):1\u201330. 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